How to Play Tic Tac Toe Posted: 10 May 2022 09:00 AM PDT Tic-tac-toe is a fun game that you can play any time and anywhere as long as you have a piece of paper, a pencil, and an opponent. Tic-tac-toe is a zero sum game, which means that if both players are playing their best, then neither player will win. However, if you learn how to play tic-tac-toe and master some simple strategies, then you'll be able to not only play, but to win the majority of the time. If you want to know how to play tic-tac-toe, then see Step 1 to get started. [Edit]Playing Tic-Tac-Toe - Draw the board. First, you have to draw the board, which is made up of a 3 x 3 grid of squares. This means it has three rows of three squares. Some people play with a 4 x 4 grid, but that is for more advanced players, and we will focus on the 3 x 3 grid here.
- Have the first player go first. Though traditionally, the first player goes with "X", you can allow the first player to decide whether he wants to go with "X"s or "O"s. These symbols will be placed on the table, in the attempt to have three of them in a row. If you're going first, then the best move you can make is to move into the center. This will maximize your chances of winning, since you'll be able to create a row of three "X"s or "O"s in more combinations (4) this way than if you chose a different square.
- Have the second player go second. After the first player goes, then the second player should put down his symbol, which will be different from the symbol of the first player. The second player can either try to block the first player from creating a row of three, or focus on creating his or her own row of three. Ideally, the player can do both.
- Keep alternating moves until one of the players has drawn a row of three symbols or until no one can win. The first player to draw three of his or her symbols in a row, whether it is horizontal, vertical, or diagonal, has won tic-tac-toe. However, if both players are playing with optimal strategy, then there's a good chance that no one will win because you will have blocked all of each other's opportunities to create a row of three.
- Keep practicing. Contrary to popular belief, tic-tac-toe isn't purely a game of chance. There are some strategies that can help you optimize your skills and to become an expert tic-tac-toe player. If you keep playing, you'll soon learn all of the tricks to making sure you win every time -- or, at least, you'll learn the tricks to make sure you never lose. Its like 0's and x's.
[Edit]Becoming an Expert - Make the best first move. The best move, if you go first, is to go in the center. There are no ifs, ands, or buts about it. If you go in the middle, you will have the highest chance of winning the game. And if you let your opponent go there, you will have the highest chance of losing. And you don't want that, do you?
- If you don't go in the center, your next best move is to go in one of the four corners. That way, if your opponent does not choose the center (and a novice player may not), then you have a high chance of winning.
- Avoid the edges as a first move. The edges are the four boxes that are neither the center or the corner. If you go here first, you will have the smallest chance of winning.
- React appropriately if the other player goes first. If the other player goes first and does not go in the center, then you should go in the center. But if the other player does go in the center, then your best bet is to place your symbol on one of the corner squares.
- Follow the "right, left, above, and below" strategy. This is another sure-fire strategy that will help you win the game. When your opponent makes a mark, see if you can place your symbol to the right of his symbol. If you can't, then see if you can place it to the left. If you can't, then move it above your opponent's symbol. And finally, if that doesn't work, see if you can move your mark below your opponent's. This strategy ensures that you'll be most successful at optimizing your position and blocking your opponent from scoring.
- Use the three-corner strategy. Another strategy for winning the game of tic-tac-toe is to place your symbols in three of the four corners of the board. This can optimize your chances of getting three in a row because you'll be able to create a diagonal row or rows along the sides of the grid. This will work if your opponent does not completely thwart you, of course.
- Play against a machine. If you really want to up your strategy and make sure that you never lose, then it's best to play as much as you can instead of memorizing a list of strategies. You can find computers online that can play against you and will quickly be able to play a game where you never lose (even if you can't win).[1]
- Take it to the next level. If you feel stifled by the 3 x 3 board, then it may be time for you to play on a board that is 4 x 4 or even 5 x 5 squares large. The bigger the board, the bigger the row you'll have to create; for the 4 x 4 board, you'll need to create 4 symbols in a row and for the 5 x 5 board, you'll need to create a row of 5 symbols, and so on.
- The 3x3 grid can easily be created by drawing two vertical lines and two horizontal lines. The lines should overlap and look somewhat like a hash(#).
- Stop and look around at the tic tac toe area. Try to think at where your opponent is going or where a good move would be for you.
[Edit]Things You'll Need - Piece of paper
- Pencil/pen
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How to Harmonize Posted: 10 May 2022 01:00 AM PDT A harmony is a series of notes that blends with a song's melody to add character and please the ears. From figuring out the best combination of notes to singing without straying from your part, harmonizing is tough. Sing along as you play notes on a piano first to get a feel for how harmonies work, then practice with apps, recordings, and alongside other singers. With the right techniques and practice, you can even learn how to harmonize by ear to any tune you hear. [Edit]Learning How Harmonies Work - Sing a C major triad to get a feel for intervals. A triad is a chord created by 3 notes; the C major chord is made of the notes C-E-G. Sing or hum along as you play the notes on a piano (or a virtual keyboard app) one at a time. Then play all 3 notes on the piano at the same time, and notice how the notes blend and agree with each other.[1]
- The root note in this chord is C, and the distances between C and the other notes in the chord are called intervals.
- Different intervals create harmonies with distinct tones. In relation to C, E is a major third and G is a perfect fifth. These intervals blend well with the root note, creating a pleasing harmony.
- Practice finding a root note's major third. Find the C key on your keyboard. If you count the 4 black and white keys to the right, you'll land on E. For any root note, a note that's 4 half-steps away will always be a major third.[2]
- On a piano, a half-step is the distance between 2 keys that are right next to each other. For a white key that's next to a black key, the black key counts as a half-step and the next white key over is a full step. However, white keys like E and F, which aren't separated by a black key, are a half-step apart.
- Sing or hum along as you play root notes and major thirds on the keyboard. Play a note, then count 4 half-steps and play that note. Singing a root note and its major third will help you learn how to find a good harmony note by ear any time you hear a melody.
- Move onto minor intervals after getting a feel for major chords. Instead of playing C-E-G, play C-E♭-G (E♭ is the black key to the left of E) to create a C minor chord. Sing or hum along as you play each note one at a time, then play all 3 notes together. Note how a minor interval sounds darker or more unstable than a major chord.[3]
- Count 3 half-steps to find a root note's minor third. Sing or hum along as you play a root note and its minor third.
- While there are countless exceptions, in Western music, composers often use minor thirds to evoke sadness and major chords to convey happiness.
- Understanding major and minor thirds is key, whether you want to write harmonies or sing a harmony by ear when you hear a tune.
- Try holding and moving the harmony note as the melody note changes. As the notes in a melody change, you don't necessarily have to move the harmony note with it. Try keeping the harmony note the same as you play a melody on the keyboard. Pay attention to how the note combinations blend, convey feelings, or clash with each other.
- For instance, the harmony note doesn't need to change with the melody to maintain a major third interval. It may stay the same until the melody moves to a note that clashes with it.
- Experiment with note combinations to get a feel for coming up with your own harmonies. If notes clash or sound bad together, try moving the harmony note the same number of steps as the melody.
[Edit]Practicing on Your Own - Continue practicing with a piano. From kids' tunes like "Row, Row, Row Your Boat" to contemporary pop hits, play basic melodies on the piano and practice singing along. To focus on hitting the right notes, hum or sing "La" instead of singing a song's lyrics.[4]
- A piano or virtual keyboard app can help you visualize the relationships between notes, which is the foundation of harmonizing.
- Listen closely for harmonies in your favorite songs. Now that you know more about creating harmonies, listen closely to your favorite songs. See if you can identify relationships between melodies and harmonies. As you listen, ask yourself what kind of intervals a harmony employs, if it blends seamlessly with the melody, and if there are dissonant, or tense, note combinations.[5]
- As you listen to a song, work on memorizing the harmony. To make things easier, look online for harmony-only tracks of the song.
- Practice with a sing-a-long harmony app. Useful apps include Sing Harmonies and Harmony Voices. Download an app, learn a song's harmony, then practice singing your part as you play the melody. When you first practice singing the harmony, lower the volume of the melody so you won't get drawn away from your part.
- Harmonize with recordings of yourself singing melodies. Record a track of yourself singing a melody, then play it while you sing the harmony. Gradually increase the volume of the recording each time you practice. This will help you learn how to stay on your part without getting distracted by other singers.[6]
- Additionally, note any rough spots when you listen to recordings of yourself singing. If necessary, spend extra time practicing those sections of the song to improve your pitch and timing.
[Edit]Harmonizing with Other Singers - Practice singing chords with 1 to 2 partners. Using a piano or virtual keyboard app as a guide, start by practicing a simple C major chord. For the note C, sing "one;" sing "three" for E and "five" for G. Sing "one" together at C, then have one person sing "three" at E while the other 2 hold the C.[7]
- Then, have someone sing "five" at G while the other 2 hold a C and E, respectively. After practicing C-E-G, try other combinations, such as G-B-D and F-A-C.
- If you're practicing with 1 other person, just work on 2-part harmonies.
- Learn your part perfectly to avoid getting distracted by other singers. It's easy to get distracted by other singers when you're harmonizing. The key to sticking to the harmony is to learn your part inside and out. Work measure by measure to commit each of your part's notes to memory.[8]
- If you're in a choir, don't rely on others in your section (such as other altos or baritones) to stay on track. Additionally, don't assume that you'll always be surrounded by other members of your section when you perform.
- If you have trouble sticking to your part, practice singing with a recording of the melody. Play it softly at first, then gradually increase the volume.[9]
- Join a choir to put your harmonizing skills to the test. The best way to learn how to harmonize is to sing with others in a group. Look for a choir or chorus group at your school or place of worship, or look online for one in your community.[10]
- If you're a soprano and want to harmonize better, try to join a choir as an alto. Sopranos usually sing the melody, while alto, tenor, and baritone sections sing harmonies.
- Take lessons from a voice teacher. While apps and other resources can be super helpful, nothing beats working one-on-one with an experienced voice teacher. In addition to harmonizing, a voice teacher can help you with other singing techniques, such as breath control and vocal health.[11]
- Additionally, consider taking classes in music theory to learn more about how harmonizing works.
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How to Get Over a Bad Grade Posted: 09 May 2022 05:00 PM PDT It happens to everyone. The teacher hands back the test or assignment you thought you did okay on, and your heart sinks into your stomach. You got a bad grade, not even an average one. The questions start flooding in. How will this change your GPA? How will you tell your parents? What grade will you end up getting in this class? In order get back on track and avoid the mistake in the future, you'll want to be able react in the right way. Start with Step 1 in order to learn how to get over a bad grade. [Edit]Staying Calm in the Moment - Remind yourself that one bad grade won't break your academic career. Your academic career is made up of lots of different tests, not just the tests you take in class or the presentations that you give. Your academic career depends on the relationships you make with your teachers; the impact that you make on other friends; and most importantly, the stuff you learn. Judging the success of your academic career by only looking at a single grade is like judging the success of a party after only a single guest has arrived. It's not an accurate guess.
- Just to make sure, go over the test and recalculate your points. Make sure the teacher didn't make a mistake in counting the points or arriving at a grade. Remember, even math teachers make counting mistakes!
- If you do happen to find a mistake, double check that it's actually a mistake and then find a time when you can talk to your teacher. Instead of accusing them of making a mistake — "You made a mistake on my test, I want my grade changed immediately!" — try to be more understanding. Remember that you get more bees with honey than you do with vinegar. Try something like: "I noticed that the numbers don't add up here. Am I missing something?"
- Carefully figure out what grades other classmates received. You probably won't feel bad about getting a C or a D if everyone else in the class got a C, because C was the benchmark. Still, be careful about finding out other people's grades — they may not want to share, or they may want to know yours in exchange.
- If your teacher grades "on the curve", the grade that you get will take into account the grades everyone else got. So if the highest grade on a test was a C, then a C might become an A and a D might become a B-.
- Let your panic pass quickly. When we get a bad grade and we're not used to it, we panic. We think we've lost our smarts, our focus, our mojo. But that's just not the case most of the time. Everyone can slip up from time to time. In fact, it's the mistakes we make in life that really teach us who we are and how to do even better the next time.
- Don't panic because panicking will cause stress, and stress doesn't make for good grades. One recent study found that students who stressed over big exams actually did worse than those who stay calm.[1]
[Edit]Seeking Help in Order to Improve - Reach out to your teacher and talk about the ways that you can improve. Teachers love it when students who get a bad grade show a willingness to learn and get better.[2] That makes the teacher feel successful, like they're doing a good job. So if you go up to a teacher after a bad grade and say something like "Hi Ms. Kowalski, I'm not happy with my performance on the test. Could we go over the problems that I missed or talk about preparing better in the future," they just might faint with satisfaction.
- Even though it's really hard to do, a lot of good can come from meeting with your teacher:
- The teacher will explain problems you missed or ideas you struggle with
- The teacher will see that you want to learn and may factor this into your final grade
- The teacher may give you extra credit work
- Ask for help from a student who did well on the test.[3] It feels good to help other people, which is why many students who ace tests offer to help out students who didn't. Just be sure to actually spend time studying and working on improving instead of goofing off. And remember to try to choose someone you're not attracted to or have a secret crush on — we all know how much "studying" gets done when you're in the same room as a total man-hunk or she-angel.
- Consider telling your parents that you got a bad grade. Although you may not have to tell your parents, it may very well be a good idea. Your parents care about you succeeding. That's why they show concern over a bad grade — not because they want you to feel bad. Remembering this will help you open up and hopefully make getting help a lot easier.
- Your parents may sit down and explain to you what you got wrong; they may hire a private instructor or tutor to help you out; they may schedule a meeting with your teacher (even though this is unusual after just one bad grade) in order to learn how you could improve.
[Edit]Acing the Next Test - Study effectively, not necessarily longer. A lot of people think that studying the right way means studying for a long period of time. That's not always the case. Studying with purpose and enthusiasm usually wins out over putting in longer hours.
- Take good notes in class. Having thorough notes from class will make it easier to study for tests.[4] Write out your notes using a pen and paper instead of typing them on a computer or laptop. Studies have shown that writing with a pen and paper actually enhances your memory over simply typing the same out on a computer.[5] That's because the act of writing out letters and numbers with a pen activates motor memory in your brain. Increased motor memory means increased overall memory of whatever it was that you put down in your notes.
- Take a study break every now and then to refresh your memory. 10-minute study breaks every hour can be helpful in memorizing and learning your material. So take a walk, play with your dog, or call your best friend and commiserate for one-sixth of an hour before you get back to studying.
- Take practice tests before the actual test. Practice test are great if you can find them. They give you a good idea of how well you're doing and what areas or problems you need to improve on. Practice makes perfect!
- Try not to cram. You probably don't want to cram for a test if you can afford it. Cramming leaves you tired, with a weaker understanding of the material, and sometimes with an outsized confidence in how well you'll do.
- Grab a good night's sleep before the test. Studies show that for each hour of sleep you lose during the night, your chance of psychological stress goes up 14%.[6] That's not necessarily a problem until you realize that stress affects your academic performance. So be sure to grab a good night's sleep at least a couple night's before the big test in order to give your body the best shot at success.
- Have a good meal the morning of the test. Your brain and body need fuel in order to do well on the test. So getting prepared with an excellent breakfast is a huge priority not to be overlooked. Try not-so-sugary cereals, whole-grain bagels, yogurts and granola, as well as oatmeal and fresh fruits to give your body all the energy it needs to do great.[7]
- Try, try, try again. The primary point of differentiation between good and bad students is one will learn from their mistakes, while the other will give up. DO NOT GIVE UP! Everyone fails; however, the "good" student won't allow that failure to get to them.
- If you're feeling especially upset or annoyed, look through the good test scores that you've gotten in the past.
- If the grade is very bad and you have to get it signed, do not make up a flimsy excuse and say that your babysitter signed it because that can get you in even bigger trouble.
- Take this as a learning experience. Someday, you might be telling your kids or grandkids how to handle situations like this!
[Edit]Warnings - Do not act ignorant and cheeky when telling your parents.
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How to Build a Temporary Sundial Posted: 09 May 2022 09:00 AM PDT Have you ever wanted to know what time it was, but didn't have a watch? Instead of checking your cell phone or going inside to look at a clock try building a sundial! While these instructions are focused on a simple method for making an accurate sundial on a patch of level ground, there is no reason you cannot make it with more permanent materials and have a discussion piece in your backyard or garden. - Clear a circular area of bare ground and place a stick (gnomon) in the center.[1]
- Find which way is north. If you place pebbles throughout a day at the point where the sun casts a shadow from the tip of the gnomon, the stones will describe a hyperbola and North is where the shadow is shortest. A more accurate way will be to find east-west first. Draw a circle centered at your vertical stick, at a radius given by a morning pebble, then wait until afternoon when the shadow just touches the circle. A line drawn between these two points will be due east-west and you can draw a line perpendicular to this to find a true north-south line.[2]
- Draw a new circle as large as you want to make your sundial, with the center where your east-west and north-south lines meet. A good radius is about the same length as your shadow stick.[3]
- Make a mark every 15 degrees on the circle (use a pebble). Start by dividing the arc between east and north in half, then divide each of these into three equal pieces. You should end up with 24 even spaces along the circle.[4]
- Find your approximate latitude, you can look it up online, or one way to find latitude in the northern hemisphere is to determine how far above the horizon the north star (Polaris) lies. Polaris is at the end of the handle of the little dipper. Once you know your latitude, mark the point on the circle that corresponds to that angle (counterclockwise) from east. If your latitude is a multiple of 15 degrees, you can use one of the pebbles you have already used.[5]
- Extend a perpendicular line from the latitude stone to the north-south line
- Draw an ellipse with the minor axis at this point, and the major axis where the circle intersects the east-west line. The point where the ellipse crosses the north-south line will be 12 o'clock. The points where the ellipse crosses the east-west line will be 6 o'clock (AM to the west, PM to the east).
- Extend a line straight south or north from each 15 degree mark on the circle to the ellipse and place a pebble at the intersections. These will be your hours. Note the lines extending east-west out from the inner circle in the diagram and inward north-south from the outer circle, the intersections determine the hour points and instead of drawing an ellipse, you can just find these points.
- Your sundial should look like this (this image was done in a drawing program and the 15 minute marks were added, you can simply divide each hour into 4 with three smaller pebbles):
- Stand up a stick in the center of the circle. The type of sundial you have just made is called an emblematic sundial. The exact position of the stick (gnomon) should change with the season (+/- 23.5 degrees) along the north-south line as the sun moves north and south of the equator, but this is a temporary structure so we will dispense with that for now.
- Watch for a shadow to be cast, whatever number that shadow is cast on, that is your beginning to find out what time it is. You must then correct for your longitude and the equation of time, and daylight savings time (if any).
- Attached is a completed sundial with the construction lines removed and a declination line added. The mono (stick) should lie along the center of this in a position which corresponds to the time of year.
- If you make the radius of your construction circle about equal to your height, you can be the shadow stick!
- This presumes you are in the northern hemisphere a reasonable distance from the equator. In England 12 O'Clock is North, in Australia 12 O'Clock is South.
- Since you are doing this just for fun, you can compare it to a watch to see how accurate your sundial really is! Apart from the accuracy of your construction, there are several factors which affect this.
- A passable declination line can be made by making a circle 0.4 (really sin(23.45degrees) times the radius of your ellipse major axis and dividing it into 12 equal zones, realizing that the solstices (Jun 21 and Dec 21) are on the north-south line and the equinoxes (Sept 22 and Mar 20) lie on the east-west line. Once you figure out where the beginning and end of the months are, you extend a perpendicular line to the north-south line and you will end up with something like the declination line you see above.
- The orbit of the earth is an ellipse, and the variations in orbital velocity give an extra variance in the time of local noon of +/- 15-16 minutes, depending on the time of year. This is known as the "Equation of time". You can find a chart of corrections by doing a web search.
- You can use the shadow cast by the moon to tell time at night. On the night of the full moon, your moon dial will be correct, but the time will be fast or slow when the moon is not full. Keep records and see if they match theory!
- Your sundial will read local solar time, you need to find out how far you are from the standard longitude of your time zone (the standard longitudes are every 15 degrees, multiplied by the number of hours your clock time is different from Greenwich mean time). In the USA, Eastern time has the standard longitude of 75 degrees west (GMT - 0500) and Pacific time is 120 degrees west (GMT - 0800). The sun travels 15 degrees in an hour, so if you are 7.5 degrees west of your time zone standard longitude, your sundial will be a half hour slow. If you are east of your timezone your sundial will run fast. If you don't know your longitude, your sundial can help you find it as long as you know the correct time. Don't forget that any daylight savings time adjustments must also be accounted for.
[Edit]Things You'll Need - a flat spot of clear ground
- stick (for casting a shadow)
- pebbles
- String (for drawing circles)
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How to Make a Cafe Au Lait Posted: 09 May 2022 01:00 AM PDT Enjoyed the world over, Café au lait ("Caf-A O lay") simply means "coffee with milk" in French. Easy to make but difficult to master, a café au lait is known for its bold coffee flavor and smooth finish, making it a fantastic drink morning, afternoon, or night. [Edit]Making a Classic Café au Lait - Choose the right coffee beans. You want a bold, full-flavored bean to get the best drink. Fruity coffees, like many originating from Central America, often lose some flavor when mixed with the milk, and mild or light roast beans are not robust enough to provide the coffee taste you want. Aim for Sumatran, Java, or Brazilian beans, or dark-roasted beans with a big flavor.[1]
- You can also use espresso beans, though you want to brew them like traditional coffee.
- Brew up an extra strength cup of coffee. In order to avoid weakly flavored coffee, which may occur when the milk is added, you want a strong pot of coffee to start with. While some people suggest using espresso, a cup of espresso and steamed milk is technically a latté, not a café au lait.[2]
- Warm 1 cup of milk. Scalding is just a culinary term for heating up the milk. You want to be careful not to foam the milk, just warm it up. Place it in a saucepan and heat it up slowly, on low heat, until it is just beginning to bubble and is hot to the touch. It should not be bubbling. You can also use the steaming wand found on an espresso machine, which will heat the milk up without the chance of burning it.
- Use whole milk for the most authentic, rich café au lait taste you can get.
- While a traditional café au lait has no foam, all milk drinks should be slightly foamed, as air bubbles improve the taste. Take a whisk to the milk for 10-15 seconds before removing it from heat to get the best flavored drink.[4]
- Pour the hot milk and coffee into your cup simultaneously. You want equal parts of milk and coffee, and you want to avoid stirring it up if possible to reduce any foaming. To make this easier, you might transfer the warm milk into a heat-safe measuring cup before pouring.
- While the ratios do not have to be exact, a café au lait is supposed to be half milk, half coffee. Add more or less milk to get a weaker or stronger cup.
- If you are struggling to pour both simultaneously, then pour the milk first, then pour the coffee into the milk.[5]
- Serve the café au lait immediately. If you want to emphasize the French aspect, you should serve the coffee in a small bowl, as the French do. For an Italian twist, serve it in a tall glass, usually with a handle (though most Italians use espresso instead of coffee).
- Feel free to add sugar to taste, as most French drinkers add 1-2 packets.
[Edit]Variations - Understand the different types of café au lait. Because the term "coffee with milk" is so vague, there are a lot of variations on café au lait across the world. The most common difference is between European and American café au lait. Whereas Europeans always steam them milk with an espresso machine, American café au lait has milk scalded in a saucepan.[6]
- Lattés are made with 2-3 shots of espresso and warmed milk, not brewed coffee.
- Cappuccinos are like latte's, except the majority of milk has been foamed, not just warmed.
- Macchiatos are shots of espresso with a dollop of foamed milk on top.[7]
- Add a dash of foamed milk to the top for a gorgeous cup of café. While café au lait is supposed to be light on foam, a thin topping is often used to make the cup look good and provide a little dash of sweet foam to the coffee. If you have some milk left over, whisk it with 1-2 teaspoons of sugar until it starts to froth, then pour it over your cup of coffee.
- Add a dash of chocolate to your café au lait. Add sugar and unsweetened cocoa powder (per mug of coffee you're making) to your milk right before whisking. The result is a mocha-café au lait hybrid that is perfect as a nightcap or along with brunch.
- Substitute 1 teaspoon vanilla extract, or one whole vanilla bean, for the cocoa powder to change things up. Scrape the seeds out of the vanilla bean and into the milk, then heat it with the milk and sugar for 5-10 minutes on low.[8]
- Use equal parts chicory and coffee for a New Orleans Café au Lait. Made famous by Louisiana's Café au Monde, this Creole version of the French classic is the only way you'll be served in the Big Easy. You can buy premixed chicory/coffee blends or measure in your own ground chicory to taste.[9]
- Whenever possible, you should serve it with sweet beignets to offset the bitterness of the chicory.
- Cool the coffee and milk, then mix in a blender with a handful of ice for an iced café au lait. Technically, since the milk is not warmed, this is not a café au lait. That said, this iced treat has a the flavor of café au lait for a warm day. Add any extra sugar to taste.
- Feel free to play with the ratios to get your desired coffee. While you should start with 1/2 milk & 1/2 coffee, there is no rule saying you can't adjust this.
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How to Build a Cornhole Game Posted: 08 May 2022 05:00 PM PDT "Cornhole," also known as "Baggo," or just "Bags," is a bean bag tossing game popular at many colleges and tailgating events around the country. Players toss bean bags and try to get them into a hole in the board. Follow these steps to create your own cornhole game. [Edit]Building the Board Top - Build the top. You will need a sheet of plywood that is by . This is the standard size that is promoted by the American Cornhole Organization (ACO).[1]
- Measure from one side, and from the end that you decide will be the top. Mark this spot with your pencil. This marked spot will be the center of your cornhole.[2]
- Draw the hole. Use a drawing compass to draw a 6-inch diameter hole (3 inch radius). Place the point of the drawing compass on the dot you marked out in the previous step. Spread the compass so that it is wide and draw a circle. The point of the compass should not leave the board.
- If you do not have a drawing compass, place a thumbtack over the pencil mark you have made. Place a piece of string under the thumbtack and push the thumbtack down so it holds the string in place. With a ruler, measure away from the thumbtack, starting at the very center of the thumbtack. Tie a pencil to the string, making sure that the distance between the pencil tip and thumbtack is . Draw your circle.
- Drill a hole right on the inside of the circle you have just made, up against the pencil circle. Make sure the hole does not go outside the pencil mark. This hole will act as the starting point for your saw.
- Insert the blade of your jigsaw and cut the hole. Try to cut as close to the penciled circle as possible. Your cut may not be perfect but that is ok because you can clean it up with sandpaper.
- You can also cut the hole using a hole saw or a router.
- Wrap a piece of sandpaper around a cylinder of some sort. The handle of a hammer or a thin pipe will work. Run the sandpaper along the interior edges of the hole to smooth your cut out and make it even.
[Edit]Building and Attaching the Frame - Cut all of your wood. You will need six 2x4 pieces of wood to make one board. Use a mitre saw or a hand saw to cut the boards. Always use caution when using power tools. Don't forget to factor in the saw's blade width.[3]
- If you are not familiar with using a mitre or hand saw, ask an employee at the lumberyard to cut your wood for you. Make sure you bring the correct measurements to the lumberyard.
- Cut 2 of the 2x4s so that each is long (these will be the ends of the frame). Cut 2 of the 2x4s so that each is long (these will be the sides of the frame). Cut 2 of the 2x4s so that each is long (these will be the legs that will be used later).
- Build the frame. Place the 21-inch boards in between the 48-inch boards.
- Using the drill and 2 ½ inch wood screws, screw the boards together by drilling from the outside of the 48-inch board into the end of the 21-inch board where both boards meet. Use two screws for each corner.[4]
- Drill your holes with a drill bit that is slightly smaller than your screws. This ensures that your wood won't split when you drill the screws in, and allows the screws to go into the wood more easily.
- Place your board top on top of the frame. Again, before drilling in your screws, drill holes with a drill bit that is slightly smaller than the screws you will be using.
- Use 10 long drywall screws to attach the board top to the frame. Use 4 screws across the top, 4 screws across the bottom, and 2 on each side.[5]
- Countersink the screws so that you can cover them with putty later on.
[Edit]Building and Attaching the Legs - Take one of the 16-inch pieces of wood. Estimate where your bolt will pass through by using a ruler. Measure the width of your piece of wood and locate the exact middle. Keep in mind that a 2x4 is not actually by . Your midway point (middle of the wood) should be close to 1 ¾ inches. (To make things clear, let us say that the middle of the width is 1 3/4 inches.)[6]
- Place the ruler at the end of your wood and measure (or whatever the length to the middle of the board was in the previous step.) Make a mark indicating this measurement. From that mark, draw a line going across the width of the wood. Extend your previous mark so that both lines form a 't' and are perpendicular to one another.[7]
- Take your drawing compass (or homemade drawing compass) and place the point directly in the center of the 't' you have just made. Draw a half circle with the curve starting on the side of the board, arching up to the top of the board, and then arching back down to the other side of the board.
- Turn your cornhole table over so that it is face down. Take a piece of scrap wood (use a leftover piece of a cut 2x4) and place it against one of the top corners of your table so it lays flat against the top (i.e. it should not run parallel to the side of the frame).
- Place one of the legs against the scrap wood so that it lies with the markings you have made facing outward. It should be perpendicular to the piece of scrap wood (i.e. it should be parallel to the side of the frame).
- Transfer the leg's midpoint line onto the frame. Use a straightedge or ruler and draw the line with a pencil. Find the frame's middle with a ruler and mark it along the line you have just made. Do not include the plywood board in the measurement, just the 2x4 frame.[8]
- This intersection will be where the drill bolt goes.
- Make a small hole at the intersection point with an extra screw. This will help you guide your screw or bolt into the correct position.
- Using a drill or power driver, drill a screw or bolt through the mark you have made. Make sure it goes through the frame and into the leg. Add the other leg in the same way.
- Measure from the top of the board to the ground. If it is not , mark where you must cut the legs so that the board is from the ground.
- Flip the board back over and saw the legs to your measurement. Saw the legs at an angle so that they run parallel to the ground. Sand them if your cut is slightly jagged.
[Edit]Painting the Board - Use a putty knife to put wood filler into any holes or cracks on your board. Check the filler's box for instructions on how long to let it dry. The surface of your cornhole board should be as smooth as possible. If you put too much filler in a crack, it can be sanded down once it is dried.[9]
- Sand the surface of your table. A smooth table will allow bean bags to slide better. Use an electric sander if you have one. If you don't have one, medium grit sandpaper will work well.[10]
- Apply a thin layer of primer paint to all visible surfaces of the board and legs. You can use a paintbrush or roller. Let the primer dry. The primer will dry white.
- Add a layer of white high-gloss latex paint. This layer will act as the border if you are following a traditional cornhole design. Let this layer dry.
- Pick out your paint colors and design. The traditional cornhole table has a white border wide. It also has a 1.5-inch border around the circle. Use painters tape and cover whatever you want to stay white with the tape.
- Paint the rest of your board with whatever color you choose. Make sure to use high-gloss latex paint. This type of paint will leave your board smooth so the bean bags will be able to slide more easily. Let the paint dry. If your paint is too light for your liking, add more layers.
- If you decide not to do the traditional paint pattern, get creative! Use painters tape to create shapes that you can paint on or around. Use bright colors and make your cornhole board stand out in a crowd.
[Edit]Making the Bean Bags - Gather your supplies. You will need a large piece of duck cloth (you can generally purchase swaths of duck cloth that are 7 inches wide and 56 inches long.) You will also need scissors, a ruler, a sewing machine, fabric glue, a bag of feed corn, and a digital baking scale.
- You can also use a needle and thread if you do not have a sewing machine.
- Cut the duck cloth into 7-inch by 7-inch squares. Using your ruler, measure out at a time to make sure you are accurate. You should make 8 of these squares.[11]
- Match 2 of the squares up so that they are perfectly aligned. Using either a sewing machine or a needle and thread, sew 3 of the sides closed. Keep in mind that you should be sewing 1/2 an inch in from the edge of the squares.[12]
- Put a line of fabric glue in between the edges of the two squares. Only do this on the sides that you have sewn up. Even though you have sewed these sides, gluing the extra fabric together will make it less likely that your bean bags will leak.[13]
- Flip your bag inside out. Again, flipping your bag inside out makes it less likely that your corn will leak out.
- Add 15.5 ounces of feed corn to each bag. Place the feed corn onto your digital baking scale and add or remove corn until it weighs 15.5 ounces. Then put the corn into the bag.[14]
- If you do not have a digital baking scale, 2 cups of feed corn is very close to 15.5 ounces. It may not be exact but it will be close enough.[15]
- Measure 1/2 an inch in on the side that is still open. Fold the edges into the bag and hold closed. You can use a pin to hold the edges closed.[16]
- Sew the final side shut. Try to place your stitches as close to the edge as possible. Doing this will make the bag as evenly sized as possible.[17]
[Edit]Things You'll Need - 1 Sheets of Plywood 24" x 48" (regulation size)
- 2 8-foot 2x4s, cut as follows:
- 2 2x4s - 21" long (frame)
- 2 2x4s - 48" long (frame)
- 2 2x4s - 13.5" long (legs)
- Tape measure
- Pencil
- Drawing Compass
- Jigsaw
- Sandpaper
- Circular saw
- 16 nails
- Drill
- Hammer
- 18 drywall screws
- Power Drill/Screwdriver
- Paintbrush
- Primer
- Paint
- A large swath of duck cloth
- Scissors
- A sewing machine or needle and thread
- Fabric glue
- A bag of feed corn
- A digital baking scale (optional)
- Your local lumber store will most likely cut the 2 x 4s to length for you... this is far less expensive than buying the proper power saw if you don't own it.
[Edit]Related wikiHows [Edit]References [Edit]Quick Summary |
How to Make Sauerkraut Posted: 08 May 2022 09:00 AM PDT If you crave the distinctive flavor of sauerkraut, learn to make the fermented cabbage at home. Plan ahead if you'd like to ferment the sauerkraut in the traditional manner. Pound shredded cabbage that you've salted until it makes a brine. Then seal and store the sauerkraut for about 2 weeks at room temperature before you enjoy it. If you're short on time, make a quick sauerkraut by boiling shredded cabbage with vinegar and spices. Use the hot sauerkraut immediately or chill it for up to 2 weeks. [Edit]Ingredients [Edit]Traditional Sauerkraut[1] - 2 green cabbages weighing about , shredded
- 3 tablespoons (50 g) of fine ground salt
- 2 tablespoons (15 g) of caraway seeds (optional)
Makes almost 8 cups (1.2 kg) of sauerkraut [Edit]Quick Sauerkraut[2] - of water
- of distilled white vinegar, divided
- 1/2 of an onion, diced
- 1 head of cabbage, cored and shredded
- 3/4 teaspoon (4 g) of sea salt
- 1/2 teaspoon (1 g) of celery seeds
- 1/2 teaspoon (1 g) of onion powder
- 1/2 teaspoon (1 g) of garlic powder
- Ground black pepper to taste
Makes 8 servings [Edit]Traditional Sauerkraut - Toss the shredded cabbage with salt. Put of shredded green cabbage into a large bowl. Add 3 tablespoons (50 g) of fine ground salt and use a spoon to mix the cabbage.[3]
- If you prefer to calculate the ratios of cabbage and salt needed instead of going off a measurement, weigh your cabbage and add about 2% of the cabbage's weight in salt.
- You'll need about 2 large heads of cabbage to get of shredded cabbage.
- If you don't have fine ground salt, use kosher or pickling salt as long as they don't have additives such as iodine or anti-caking agents. These would make the brine cloudy and make fermentation difficult.
- Massage the cabbage and let it rest for 10 minutes. Use your fingers to rub the cabbage as though you're massaging it. Keep doing this until the cabbage begins to feel wet. Then set it aside for 10 minutes.[4]
- You can clean your storage jar while the cabbage is resting. Wash it with hot, soapy water or run it through the dishwasher to ensure it's clean.
- Pound the cabbage for 5 to 10 minutes. Take a pounder such as the end of a rolling pin, a tamper, or a pestle and push down firmly on the cabbage. Keep doing this until the cabbage starts dripping salty water when you scoop it up. You'll need this brine to ferment the cabbage.
- If you prefer, transfer the salted cabbage to a mixing bowl and beat the cabbage with a dough hook attachment for 2 to 3 minutes.
- Mix in the caraway seeds and pack the cabbage into your clean jar. If you'd like to add caraway seeds to your sauerkraut, stir 2 tablespoons (15 g) of caraway seeds at this point. Spoon all of the cabbage into a clean 68-ounce (2 liter) jar and pour the brine into it.
- You may have to use the pounder to push all of the cabbage into the jar. There should be at least of headspace at the top of the jar.
- Cover the top of the cabbage with a leaf or lid and weigh it down. The shredded cabbage must remain submerged in the brine so you'll need to keep it pushed down. Lay a whole cabbage leaf or a canning lid that fits in the jar on top of the shredded cabbage. Then place a sterilized rock or weight on the leaf or lid.
- To sterilize a rock, boil it for 10 minutes and let it cool.
- To add additional flavor, you could weigh the cabbage down using a half of an onion.
- Seal the jar. Purchase a small airlock system that screws onto the top of your jar. You can find these at home brewing and fermentation supply stores. The system will probably have a valve that lets carbon dioxide escape from the jar without letting oxygen in the jar.
- If you're using a small fermentation crock, check to see if it already has a built-in airlock system.
- Store the jar of sauerkraut at room temperature for 2 weeks. Place the sealed jar of sauerkraut in a cool pantry that's away from direct sunlight. The temperature in the room should be between and . Leave the sauerkraut to ferment for 2 weeks.
- If the room is too cool, the cabbage won't ferment and if it's too hot, the cabbage will spoil.
- Store the jar in the fridge once you've achieved the desired flavor. Remove the lid and weight from the top of the sauerkraut. Dip a fork into the jar and taste a little of it. If you like the flavor, you can start eating it and storing it in the refrigerator. If you want it to have a stronger fermented flavor, seal it back up and ferment it for another week. Then check it again.
- Refrigerating the sauerkraut will stop the fermentation process. You can refrigerate the sauerkraut for up to 1 year.
[Edit]Quick Sauerkraut - Heat the water, of vinegar, and the onion over high. Pour of water into a pot on the stove. Add of the distilled white vinegar and 1/2 of a diced onion. Then turn the burner to high heat.
- Keep the lid off of the pot so you can add the remaining sauerkraut ingredients.
- Shred the cabbage and add it to the pot. Cut 1 head of cabbage in half and cut away the core. Then place the flat sides of the cabbage halves against the cutting board. Take a sharp knife and slice the cabbage into strips that are wide. Put the shredded cabbage into the pot with the onion and liquids.
- If you prefer, shred the cabbage in a food processor fitted with a shredding blade.
- Add the celery seeds, onion powder, garlic powder and vinegar. Stir 3/4 teaspoon (4 g) of sea salt, 1/2 teaspoon (1 g) of celery seeds, 1/2 teaspoon (1 g) of onion powder, 1/2 teaspoon (1 g) of garlic powder, and ground black pepper into the pot. Then pour the remaining of white vinegar over the cabbage.
- Cover and boil the cabbage for 13 to 18 minutes. Keep the burner at high heat and put the lid on the pot. Let the cabbage boil undisturbed for 3 minutes. Then stir the cabbage and put the lid back on the pot. Continue to boil the cabbage for 10 to 15 more minutes.
- Stir the cabbage occasionally so it wilts and softens.
- Serve the quick sauerkraut. Turn off the burner and remove the lid from the pot. To use the hot sauerkraut, spread it over hot dogs or serve it along with sausages. If you prefer, chill the sauerkraut until it's cold and spread it on deli sandwiches. You can also serve it with a cheese board.
- Refrigerate the leftover sauerkraut in an airtight container for up to 2 weeks.
- Freshness of the cabbage matters because fresh cabbage will put out more liquid when salted.
- For additional flavor, mix in shredded apples or carrots.
- Consider using organic cabbage since chemicals on conventional cabbage may prevent or slow fermentation.
[Edit]Things You'll Need [Edit]Traditional Sauerkraut - Large bowl
- Measuring spoons
- 68-ounce (2 liter) jar
- Pounder such as a rolling pin, pestle, or tamper
- Cabbage leaf or canning lid
- Weight such as a rock
[Edit]Quick Sauerkraut - Measuring cups and spoons
- Knife and cutting board
- Pot with a lid
- Spoon
- Food processor, optional
[Edit]Related wikiHows [Edit]References [Edit]Quick Summary |
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