| How to Tell if Someone Is High Posted: 07 Jun 2016 05:00 PM PDT Someone who is "high" is intoxicated with drugs. If you suspect someone is high, you can ask him directly, or you can look out for physical and behavioral signs. In many cases, a person who is high will recover, or "come down," on his own without any danger. In other cases, however, a high person might need help. Observing someone's high can help you determine if he is likely to need medical attention or assistance getting home safely. It is especially crucial to notice if someone has been drugged by someone else. EditChecking for Physical Signs - Look into the person's eyes. Smoking a drug can cause red or watery eyes. Pupils that are constricted or dilated can be a sign of narcotics, stimulants, or club drugs. Check for rapid or unnecessary eye movements. Involuntary eye movements, or nystagmus, are symptomatic of many kinds of drug use.[1]
- If someone is wearing sunglasses inside or in the shade, he might be trying to hide red or otherwise affected eyes.
- Smell the person. Someone who has smoked marijuana might smell sweet, smoky, or skunky. A chemical or metallic smell might mean she has inhaled a toxic household product, such as glue or paint thinner.
- A smell of incense, air freshener, or powerful perfume or cologne might be intended to cover up the smell of a drug that has been smoked.
- Observe the person's mouth. Listen to his swallowing and observe the way it moves. Salivation and lip smacking can be signs of dry mouth, a sign of drug use. Licking of the lips, frequent clenching of the teeth or twisting of the jaw might mean that someone is high on club drugs.[2]
- Observe the person's nose. A bloody nose with no other apparent cause can mean that someone has snorted a drug, such as cocaine, meth, or a narcotic. A runny or congested nose can have many causes, but combined with other symptoms it could signify that someone is high. Frequent rubbing of the nose can also be a sign.[3]
- Someone who has snorted a drug might have powder on her nostrils or upper lip.
- Observe the person's hands. Shaking hands can be a sign of club drugs, inhalants, or hallucinogens. Palm sweat can be a sign of intoxication. Burned fingertips can be a sign that crack cocaine was smoked.[4]
- Check the person's vital signs. Pulse, rate of respiration, temperature, and blood pressure can all be affected by drug use. If you feel safe touching the person in question, take his pulse and check his temperature. Cold, sweaty skin is one sign of drug use. An increase or decrease in blood pressure, an increased heart rate, or slowed breathing can all be signs of drug use.[5]
- Some drugs can cause chest pain, and even heart attacks. Seek medical help for someone who seems to be experiencing pain in his chest.[6]
- Check for signs of habitual drug use. People who use drugs such as methamphetamine, bath salts, or heroin often inject their drugs, which leaves track marks. Check for darkened veins, lesions, and bruising around the veins. Lesions that are open and in the process of healing can be signs of recent drug use.[7]
- Sores or a rash on the mouth or nose can also be a sign of habitual drug use.[8]
- Check for drug paraphernalia. While pipes, rolling papers, syringes and rubber tubing might be easily recognized as drug paraphernalia, the unwarranted presence of household objects can also indicate recent drug use. Bent spoons, eye droppers, and cotton balls may be indicative of narcotic use. Razors, handheld mirrors, and tiny spoons might indicate the use of stimulants. Pacifiers, candy necklaces, and lollipops may be used by people on club drugs, such as Ecstasy, that cause the jaw to clench.[9]
EditChecking for Behavioral Signs - Listen to the person's speech. Someone who is high may speak too much or too quickly, or may have problems speaking. Someone who slurs words but does not smell like alcohol might be high.[10]
- If the person you are speaking with appears to have difficulty concentrating or following the conversation, or if her thinking is unusually paranoid, deluded, or panicked, she might be high.
- Observe the person's movements. A high person might react slowly, or might be nonreactive to surrounding people and things. If someone appears not to experience pain, he might be high. Physical coordination that seems to be rapidly deteriorating is a sign of drug use.[11]
- Someone moving as if he is drunk, but without the smell of alcohol, is possibly high.
- A drunk person who seems to be unusually impaired might also have taken drugs or have been drugged.
- Note unusual or shifting energy. Depending on the drug, a high person might be euphoric, relaxed, anxious and agitated, exhilarated, overconfident, or aggressive. Look for unusual intensity of mood, or a quickly changing mood. If you know someone well, and she is behaving in an uncharacteristic way, that could be a sign of drug use.[12]
- Sleeplessness and restlessness can be signs that someone is high, as can drowsiness. If you cannot rouse a "sleepy" person, she might have passed out and need medical attention.
- Keep an eye out for unusual actions. If you know someone well, you can tell if he is exhibiting unusually high sociability, lack of inhibition, poor judgment, or an increased or decreased appetite or sex drive. Inappropriate laughter and intense snacking are common signs of marijuana use.[13]
- Someone high on a harder drug might hallucinate, seeing or sensing things that are not there. Delirious, psychotic, or violent behavior all might be caused by drug use.
- Some drugged people appear to have undergone a total personality change.
- No one symptom on its own is proof that someone is high. Look for combinations of symptoms to confirm that someone is high.
- Some mental and physical impairments can mimic the affects of drugs. Slurred speech, unusual movement, and shifting moods can all be caused by things other than drugs.
- If you are on good terms with someone, or if you he they needs your help, asking him what he took might be the most direct route to finding out if he is high.
- Confronting someone who is behaving erratically can be dangerous. Remove yourself from any situation with someone who is making you nervous.
- Seek emergency medical help if you have any other reason to suspect that someone has overdosed or is in need of physical or psychological help as a result of drug use.
- Intervene if you have reason to believe someone has been drugged. People who appear unusually drunk (such as extremely intoxicated after only one drink) and/or are being led somewhere by someone else might have been drugged with Rohypnol, or "roofie."[14] Call an ambulance and/or the police or campus security.
- Seek emergency medical help if someone passes out, has trouble breathing, has a seizure or convulsions, or complains of chest pain or pressure.[15]
EditSources and Citations
Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found
|
| How to Walk With a Blind Person Posted: 07 Jun 2016 09:00 AM PDT People who are blind can be perfectly capable of walking by themselves. However, there are times when a sighted guide is required. If you need to guide a blind person somewhere, there are some basic techniques you should follow. In addition to guiding a blind person carefully, be respectful. Always ask first before offering assistance. EditPracticing Basic Guiding - Have the blind person hold your arm just above the elbow. To start walking with a blind person, place the back of your hand on the back of the blind person's hand. This will let him or her figure out where your arm is. Then, the blind person can hold your arm just above the elbow.[1]
- Make sure the blind person is a half step behind you. The blind person should also be slightly to your left or right side. Keep up a pace you are both comfortable with. Periodically ask the blind person if he or she wants to move faster or slower.[2]
- Look out for obstacles. This includes obstacles on the ground, to the side, and anything head height. Instruct the blind person to move over or duck when necessary.[3]
- Have the blind person walk behind you in narrow spaces. In the event you have to walk through a narrow space, like a small hallway or a crowd of people, let the blind person know. You will have to adjust how you're walking when you encounter narrow spaces.
- The blind person will have to walk behind you in narrow spaces. Alert him or her that a narrow space is coming up. Then, instruct him or her how to move.[4]
- Have the person step behind you. The blind person should still keep his or her hand on your arm, just below the elbow. You will have to move your guiding arm behind your back.[5]
- Let the blind person know if you need to switch sides. In some scenarios, you may have to switch sides when guiding a blind person. For example, you may encounter an obstacle in your own path while walking.
- Tell the blind person verbally that you need to switch sides. Have him or her pause while walking. It's much easier to switch sides when both you and the blind person are stationary.[6]
- Have the blind person hold your guiding arm with both of his or her hands. Then, step in front of the blind person as you switch sides. As you move to the other side, the blind person can transition to grabbing your other arm.[7]
- Before moving forward, make sure the blind person is holding one of your arms just above the elbow. Make sure he or she is a half step behind you, a little to your side, before walking.[8]
EditNavigating Special Circumstances - Use words in dangerous situations. You may encounter a dangerous situation when walking a blind person. There may be a speeding car, for example, or a loose dog. In such situations, remember the blind person cannot see the threat. Do not simply move him or her out of the way. Use your words to say something like, "Stop!" or "Move!" After you've gotten the blind person out of harm's way, explain the threat.[9]
- Move through doors. When guiding a blind person, you may have to help him or her through doors. In such a situation, make sure to take special precautions to make sure everything goes smoothly.
- Make sure the blind person is on the hinged side of the door. If you need to change sides, do so following the instructions listed above.[10]
- Explain which way the door opens as you near the door. Open the door and proceed to walk through with the blind person you are guiding. Have the blind person close the door behind him or her when you finish passing through.[11]
- Navigate steps and staircases. Steps and staircases can be somewhat difficult to navigate. It's important you take safety precautions to avoid accident or injury.
- First, verbally inform the blind person when stairs are coming up. Tell him or her whether the stairs go up or down.[12]
- Get to the edge of the stairs. Allow the blind person to let you know when he or she is ready to proceed. The blind person may want a moment to calibrate before proceeding up or down the staircase.[13]
- Walk up or down the staircase, remaining one step ahead of the blind person. Go slowly to avoid injury. When you reach the top or bottom of the stairs, let the blind person know.[14]
- Help with seating. In addition to walking, you may need to help a blind person sit down. Tell the blind person which way a chair is facing. Walk up to the chair and place your guiding arm on the chair. Let the blind person know which part of the chair you are touching. The blind person can move his or her arm down yours, feel the chair, and figure out how to sit down from there.[15]
- Guide a blind person into a car. If you lead a blind person to his or her car, offer to help him or her into the car. Make sure you ask if the blind person needs assistance before helping.
- Let the blind person know which way the car is facing and which door you're opening. For example, say something like, "Okay, the car is facing forward and I'm going to help you into the passenger's seat."[16]
- Take your guiding hand and place it on the door handle. Instruct the blind person to feel down your hand to find the handle.[17]
- From here, you can usually let a blind person get in the car on his or her own. However, if it's an unfamiliar car you should place your arm inside the car on the roof. This can help the blind person feel how big the car is, avoiding bumping his or her head. Once the blind person is safely seated inside the car, allow him or her to close the door.[18]
EditBeing Respectful - Approach, ask, and then assist. Many well-intentioned people see a blind person on the street and assume they should help. While it's a good idea to be helpful to those around you, you should never help someone without checking if they need assistance first. Approach and ask before you assist.
- Approach the blind person first. Greet them and introduce yourself. Say something like, "Hi there! I'm Michael."[19]
- From there, politely ask if they need help. Try something like, "I noticed you're trying to cross the street and I was wondering if you needed any help."[20]
- If the person needs help, he or she will usually let you know. Not all visually impaired people need assistance, so do not be offended if your offer is declined. Simply wish the person a good day and move on.[21]
- Do not be overprotective. Many blind or visually impaired people have been dealing with their disability for a long time. They are often used to navigating potential threats. While it's important you let a blind person know of a coming car or a low-hanging tree branch, try not to be overly protective. Only advise a blind person to move or duck when it's absolutely necessary.[22]
- Describe the passing scene. Just as you might enjoy observing the scenery when you walk, many blind or visually impaired people enjoy having scenes described to them. When guiding a blind person, it can be nice to tell them about anything noticeable or interesting as you're walking. However, use discretion. Some people may prefer to walk in silence or may find excessive chatter distracting. It's a good idea to ask first before you describe the scene.[23]
- Give directions verbally. Many people use non-verbal cues, like pointing, when giving directions. You may do this without even thinking when giving directions to a blind person. However, try to remember you need to give out specific verbal directions for a blind person to understand. Say, "You walk three blocks forward on this street and then take a left." Do not point forward and say, "It's three blocks that way."[24]
- Ask if a sighted guide is needed with a dog. Remember that the dog is a tool when it is working and it should not be distracted from its duty. A dog is working when its harness is upright.
EditRelated wikiHows EditSources and Citations
Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found
|
| How to Create Printed Circuit Boards Posted: 07 Jun 2016 01:00 AM PDT So you have that circuit designed and ready. You did some computer aided simulations and the circuit is working great. Only one thing left! You need to create a printed circuit board so you can see it in action! Whether your circuit is a project for school/college or is a final piece of electronics in a professional product for your company, implementing your circuit on a PCB will give it a much more professional appearance and give you an idea of how the finished product will look! EditPrinting the Circuit Board - Choose a method to use for creating the PCB. Your choice will usually be based on the availability of materials needed by the method, the technical difficulty level of the method or the quality of PCB you desire to obtain. Here's a brief summary of the different methods and their main features that will help you decide:
 - Acid etching method: this method requires extreme safety measure, the availability of many materials such as the etchant and it is somewhat slow. The quality of PCB obtained varies according to the materials you use but generally, it is a good method for simple to intermediate levels of complexity circuits. Circuits involving more close wiring and tiny wires usually use other methods.
- UV etching method: this method is used for transposition of your PCB layout onto your PCB board and requires more expensive materials that might not be available everywhere. However, the steps are relatively simple and can produce finer and more complicated circuit layouts.
- Mechanical etching/routing method: this method requires special machines that will mechanically etch away unnecessary copper from the board or route empty separators between wires. It can be expensive if you intend to buy one of those machines and usually leasing them requires the availability of a workshop nearby. However, this method is good if you need to create many copies of the circuit and also can produce fine PCBs.
- Laser etching method: this is usually used by large production companies, but can be found on some universities. The concept is similar to mechanical etching but LASER beams are used to etch the board. It is usually hard to access such machines, but if your local university is one of the lucky ones having such machine, you can use their facilities if they allow it.
- Create the PCB Layout of your circuit. For acid etching, you need to draw the circuitry using an etchant resistant material. Special markers can be found easily for this specific purpose if you intend to do the drawing by hand (not appropriate for medium to large circuits). Laser printers' ink is the most commonly used material however. This is usually done by converting your circuit's schematic diagram into a PCB layout using PCB layout software. There are many open source software packages for PCB layout creation and design, some are listed here to give you a head-start:
- Once you are happy with the schematic on your computer, match the size of the diagram on the software so that both the circuit board and the paper will have the needed sizes.
- Print out the diagram from the software's File menu. Print it out on a glossy paper, such as magazine paper. You should ensure the circuit is mirrored before doing that (most PCB layout programs have this as an option when printing). Once printed, make sure you don't touch the ink part on the paper as it can get on your hands.
- Align the circuit diagram on the paper with the circuit board (the diagram should be facing the copper part of the circuit board). Start up your iron. Set the iron on the cotton setting and wait until it heats up.
- Once heated, carefully place the iron on top of the paper which is on top of the circuit board.
- Place the iron there for about 30-45 seconds (depending on your iron).
- After lifting the iron, put it aside carefully and take the circuit board to your nearest source of water. Be careful, the paper will be hot. The paper should be stuck to the circuit board, don't rip it out.
- Start the water flow and hold the circuit board below it. An alternative approach is to immerse the board and paper in hot water for a few minutes (up to 10 minutes).
- Slowing start taking off the paper and soon all of the paper should come off. If certain areas seem particularly difficult to peel off, you can try soaking a bit more. If everything went well, you will have a copper board with your PCB pads and signal lines traced out in black toner.
- Dry the board. Get the big chunks of water off by softly wiping with a napkin or just letting them fall out. It shouldn't take more than 30 seconds and it should not be vigorous or else the ink on to the circuit might come off.
- Etch the board using one of the methods below. This process removes any unnecessary copper from the board leaving only wiring of the final circuit.
EditEtching with Acid - Choose your etching acid. Ferric chloride is a common choice for an etchant. However, you can use Ammonium Persulfate crystals or other chemical solutions. No matter what choice for the chemical etchant, it will always be a dangerous material, so besides following the general safety precautions mentioned in this article, you should also read and follow any additional safety instructions that come with the etchant.
- Prepare the acid etchant. Depending on the acid etch that you choose, there might be additional instructions. For example, some crystallized acids require being dissolved in hot water, but other etchants are ready to use.
- Submerge the board in the acid.
- Make sure to stir every 3-5 minutes.
- Take the board out and wash it when all unnecessary copper is etched away from the board.
- Remove the insulating drawing material used. There are special solvents available for almost all types of insulating drawing material used in drawing PCB layouts. However, if you don't have access to any of these materials, you can always use a sandpaper (a fine one).
EditEtching with Ultra-Violet Transposition - To apply with this method, you will need a photosensitive (positive or negative) laminated PCB card, an UV insulator and a transparent sheet and distilled water. You may find the cards ready to use (they are covered with a black nylon sheet), or photosensitive spray to apply on the copper side of an ordinary blank PCB card. Take care to purchase also a photorevelator compatible with the photo spray or the PCB photosensitive coating.
- With a laser printer, draw the PCB layout on the transparent sheet, in positive or negative mode, according to the photosensitive coating of the card.
- Cover the copper side of the board with the printed transparent sheet.
- Place the board in the UV insulator machine/chamber.
- Turn on the UV machine. It will irradiate your board with the UV for the specified amount of time. Most of the UV insulators are equipped with an adjustable timer. Generally, 15 to 20 minutes will be widely sufficient.
- Once done, remove the board from the UV insulator. Clean the copper side of the card with the photorevelator, then gently rinse the revelated PCB card with distilled water prior to place it in its acid bath. The parts destroyed by the UV irradiation will be etched by the acid.
- The further steps to follow are described in the acid etching method specific steps 3 to 7.
EditFinishing the Board - Drill mount points. Drilling machines used for that are usually custom machines designed specifically for this purpose. However, with some adjustments a usual drilling machine will do the job at home.
- Mount and solder the electronic components on board.
- If you are using the acid etching method, you need to take the following precautions:
- Always store your acid in a safe cold place. Use glass containers.
- Label your acid and store it somewhere out of the reach of children.
- Do not dispose of your used acid in the home drains. Instead store it and when you have some amount of used acid, take it to your recycling center/dangerous waste disposal facility.
- Use gloves and air masks when working with acid etchants.
- Be extremely careful when mixing and stirring the acid. Do not use metallic objects and do not put the container on the edge of the disk.
- While irradiating your PCB with UV, take an absolute care to not have a direct visual contact with the UV generating part of the insulator/chamber, or use special anti-UV protection glasses. If you have to check your PCB during the process, better stop the machine prior to open it.
- Make sure to wear safety goggles when using the etching method and do not look directly above the container of the chemical.
EditRelated wikiHows EditSources and Citations |
No comments:
Post a Comment