| How to Calculate Food Cost Posted: 20 Jun 2016 01:00 PM PDT Running a restaurant, catering service, or culinary school can be an expensive and complex undertaking. To make sure your business stays afloat, you must make regular and accurate calculations of your food costs. There are three main calculations you need to stay on top of: the maximum allowable food cost (which tells you how much you can afford to spend); the potential food cost (which tells you how much your menu costs); and your actual food cost (which tells you how much food you're ordering for your business). Comparing these three figures will help you make the adjustments and tweaks that ensure your business' long-term success. EditCalculating Food Cost Slideshow EditSample Calculators EditCalculating Maximum Allowable Food Cost - Understand why you need this calculation.[1] The maximum tells you what percentage of your business's operating budget can be allotted to food cost for the operation to still turn a profit. Without knowing this number, you won't be able to tell whether your actual food cost (calculated in a later section) is on target to produce your desired profit margin.
- Begin by calculating your operating budget. Your company's operating budget is the sum of your current and projected expenses, and your projected profit. To calculate the month-to-month operating budget, you need to keep the following amounts in mind:[2]
- Target profit
- Hourly labor (servers, dishwashers, etc.)
- Salaried labor (managers, owners, head chef, etc.)
- Utilities (gas, electric, water, wifi, etc.)
- Fixed costs (rent, mortgage payments, insurance, etc.)
- Fees and licenses (taxes, liquor license, business license, food handling permits, etc.)
- Supplies (cleaning supplies, non-food cooking supplies, plates, carryout packaging)
- Marketing
- Maintenance
- Determine how much money you can afford to spend each month. Opening a small business is a big risk, even for experienced restaurateurs. To give your restaurant or catering company a fighting chance, you have to be willing to invest in it — but you also have to protect your own interests to make sure you don't bankrupt yourself. Take advantage of small businesses loans and grants, both from private banks and from federal programs.[3][4][5][6] Consider taking on a business partner to increase your investment; a partner might actively work in the business with you or simply invest funds and collect profits.
- Assess your personal finances: create a monthly household budget including rent/mortgage, vehicles, food, personal insurance, and all other personal considerations.[7] Do not sacrifice your personal stability for the sake of your business.
- Examine the repayment options on your loans. Beyond basic awareness of your interest rates, you should also know if you plan to make minimum payments, or begin paying off the loan as soon as possible. How much of your personal money and business income will be diverted to loan repayment? How much is left over?
- After taking personal finances and loan repayment into consideration, determine how much money can be invested in the business on a monthly basis.
- Compare this amount to your operating budget. If you cannot afford to meet it, you should adjust your operating budget instead of stretching your finances.
- Consider enlisting the help of your accountant or banker to help you figure out how far you can safely stretch your finances.
- Calculate a budget percentage for each of these costs. Once you've figured out how much you can spend every month, figure out what percentage of your monthly budget is allotted to each of the monthly costs calculated in Step 2.
- For example, say you can afford to spend $70,000 per month on your restaurant.
- You and your manager each draw salaried paychecks of $3,500 per month. Combined, salaried paychecks cost $7,000 a month, or 10% of your budget.
- Figure out your maximum allowable food cost per month.[8] Once you have a percentage for each of these amounts, add those amounts up. Whatever percentage is left over in your budget is the maximum amount you can spend on food in order to reach your target profit amount.
- Salaries (10%) + Hourly wages (17%) + Supplies (5%) + Utilities (6%) + Marketing (4%) + Fees and Licenses (3%) + Maintenance (4%) + Fixed Costs (21%) + Target Profit (5%) = 75%
- In this example, 75% of your maximum budget is devoted to everything but food cost.
- To calculate your maximum allowable food cost, subtract that amount from 100%.
- 100% - 75% = 25%
- If your monthly budget is $70,000, you can afford to spend up to $70,000 x 0.25 = $17,500 on food cost to reach the 5% profit ($70,000 x 0.05 = $3,500) every month.
EditCalculating Your Actual Food Cost - Choose a date that will begin each weekly assessment period for you. Just as you pay rent, utilities, etc. on the same date each month, you should calculate your food cost based on a regular time period.[9] You should analyze your inventory at the same time every week — perhaps every Sunday, either before or after the kitchen opens.
- Always take inventory outside of business hours, so no food is being delivered or being cooked.
- Determine your "opening inventory." On the day that begins your "fiscal week" — Sunday, in our case — do a thorough inspection of all the food products in your kitchen. It's important that you're as accurate as possible, so look at your receipts to see how much you paid for each food item. For example, you may have paid $48 for 35 lbs. of frying oil, of which 5 lbs. are left at the beginning of the fiscal week.[10] Calculate exactly how much that 5 lbs. of oil is worth at the opening of your inventory period: ($48 ÷ 35 lbs.) = (X ÷ 5 lbs.) When you solve for X, you see that you have about $6.86 worth of frying oil at the beginning of the fiscal week. Repeat this calculation procedure for every food item you have.
- Add up all the sums to determine your opening inventory — the dollar amount for the food in your kitchen at the beginning of the fiscal week.
- Track your purchases. Throughout the week, you will order more food supplies as necessary, based on what's selling best on your menu. Keep all purchase receipts neatly organized in your office so you know exactly how much you spent on food purchases during the day.
- Take inventory again at the beginning of your next fiscal week. Repeat the process outlined in Step 2. This will give you a number that serves two functions: it is the opening inventory for the next week and the "ending inventory" for the current week. You now know how much food you started the week with, how much you bought, and how much you ended with.
- Find out how much you made in food sales during the week. At the end of each shift, the restaurant manager should calculate total sales. Look at your sales reports for each day of the week and add them up to calculate your weekly food sales.
- Calculate your actual food cost for the week. In Part 1 of this article, you calculated your maximum allowable food cost as a percentage of your total budget. Now, you need to calculate what percentage of your budget is actually being spent on food. When you compare those two percentages to each other, you can see whether you're spending too much money on food to keep your business afloat.
- To calculate actual food cost, complete the following equation: Food Cost % = (Beginning Inventory + Purchases – Ending Inventory) ÷ Food Sales.
- For our example, let's say Beginning Inventory = $10,000; Purchases = $2,000; Ending Inventory = $10,500; Food Sales = $5,000
- (10,000 + 2,000 – 10,500) ÷ 5,000 = 0.30 = 30%
- Compare your maximum allowable and actual food costs. In our example, we calculated a maximum allowable food cast of 25% in Part 1, and an actual food cost of 30% in the previous step. Now we know that we're spending too much money on food cost to reach our target profit of 5%.
- Adjust your purchasing every week to keep your inventory in check. You want to bring down your actual food cost to a percentage at or below your maximum allowable food cost.
EditCalculating Potential Food Cost - Calculate your total cost. For each item on your menu, figure out how much it costs you to make the dish. For example, the breakdown for a cheeseburger might be as follows: $0.21 for the bun; $0.06 for 1 oz. mayonnaise; $0.06 for 1 onion slice; $0.14 for 2 tomato slices; $0.80 for 8 oz. burger meat; $0.02 for ¼ oz. ketchup and mustard; $0.04 for 4 pickle slices; $0.06 for 1 oz. lettuce; $0.18 for 2 slices American cheese; and $0.23 for a side of French fries.[11] Your food cost for the cheeseburger on the menu is $1.83.
- Multiply the food cost for each item by how many portions of that item is sold every week.
- Add all of those sums together to find your total cost. For our example, let's say you have a total cost of $3,000. That's how much money you spent to make the food that went out of your kitchen this week.
- Figure out your total sales. Now that you've calculated how much money you spent to feed your customers, you need to figure out how much money you made off of each item in the process. For each menu item, multiply the sales price by how many portions of that items were sold in a week. Add the sale amounts for every item on your menu together to calculate your total sales.
- In our example, let's say you took in $8,000 in total sales for the week.
- Find out your potential food cost. To calculate your potential food cost, multiply the total cost by 100, then divide that number by your total sales. In our example, we would complete the following equation: ($3,000 X 100) ÷ $8,000 = 37.5. Our potential food cost is 37.5% of our budget.
- Analyze your potential food cost. You now know how much money you can make off your menu items in a given week. Compare that against your maximum allowable food cost to figure out if your menu's prices need adjustment. In our case, the maximum allowable food cost from Part 1 is 25%, and our potential food cost is 37.5% We have a big problem! We need to bring up our total sales so that the potential food cost percentage comes down, reaching the 25% figure we're aiming for. We do that by raising the prices on our menu.
- You might increase every item on your menu in price by a small amount — maybe 25 cents if your items are fairly inexpensive, maybe $2-3 if they cost a little bit more.
- Look at your sales figures to see which menu items are most popular with your clientele. You can raise the price on popular items a little more than your less popular items — people will likely be willing to pay for it.
- Consider getting rid of dishes that don't sell very well. They don't have much earning potential. Continually reassess your menu to make sure you're moving all of the product in your inventory.
- You can have a sale and purchase activity at the same dates.
- The most recent cost you paid for each item will be your inventory price.
- You should not have any deliveries during inventory.
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| How to Tell if a Dog Is Pregnant Posted: 20 Jun 2016 01:00 AM PDT It can be difficult to tell whether a dog is pregnant until the last few weeks of her nine-week gestation, when her belly's increase in size is hard to miss. The best way to find out is by taking her to a vet, but being aware of physical and behavioral changes that may take place is also useful. Pregnant dogs show some signs of being pregnant in the early, middle, and late stages of pregnancy. EditWatching for Physical Changes - Watch for nipple color change. One of the earliest hints that a dog might be pregnant is if she "pinks up." This refers to a change in her nipples which makes them appear a rosier color than normal, slightly swollen and more prominent. This sign can develop 2 - 3 weeks after conception.
- Be aware of body changes. A pregnant dog's body shape doesn't change until the second half of pregnancy. Between about 4 - 5 weeks her waist begins to thicken and her tummy fills out.
- Do not increase food ration prematurely. A pregnant dog should be given increased food in the final third of pregnancy, but many owners tend to increase their dog's food ration too early. The additional calories lead to fat being laid down in the abdomen, which is often mistaken for a sign of pregnancy. It is not possible for the layman to discern whether her enlarged abdomen is due to fetuses taking up room, or fat.
- Monitor continuing body changes. In the final third (weeks 6-9) of pregnancy, the dog's belly becomes rounded and distended. Her mammary glands start to develop and become more obviously swollen, as they get ready to produce milk.
- Look and feel for puppy movement. In the final third of gestation, you may be able to see the dog's flanks moving as the puppies wriggle around in her womb. If you place your palm flat against her side where you see the rippling, you might be able to feel movement.
- Don't be too disappointed if you can't feel anything. The puppies are deep within her tummy and each pup is floating is a sac of fluid, so it isn't possible to feel the actual outline of a puppy.
EditNoticing Behavioral Changes - Do not expect drastic changes. All dogs react individually to pregnancy. Some may be quieter and more tired early on, but a dog who is unwell may also be quiet, so this sign is an unreliable predictor of pregnancy. [1] The average female dog behaves largely the same as usual until the last third of the gestation.
- In the final third of pregnancy, the dog's size makes it more difficult for her to move around, and she may want to sleep more.
- Expect appetite changes. Towards the end of pregnancy, the dog's will womb grow larger and take up more space in her belly. She won't be able to accommodate large meals, so she'll start wanting to snack, eating a little at a time more frequently. [2]
- Watch for nesting. When it is nearly time for her to deliver the pups, the dog may start to nest. [3] She will gather blankets or clothing in a secluded place as she prepares a suitable safe warm environment for her imminent new arrivals.
- The exact timing of nesting varies from 2-3 weeks to 2 - 3 days prior to giving birth.
EditGetting a Professional Diagnosis - Visit a veterinarian. If you suspect that your dog is pregnant, it is worthwhile to visit the vet to confirm your suspicion. There are various methods a vet can use to definitively confirm pregnancy.
- Get a physical examination. The vet will examine the dog and pay special attention to gently feeling her tummy. [4] By palpation (feeling from the outside of her belly) the vet can sometime feel the womb and the outline of a puppy inside. However, this is much more difficult than it sounds because it is easy to mistake a puppy for feces in the bowel, and vice versa.
- The ideal time to feel a pregnancy is between day 28 - 35 after conception. Before this, there is not enough difference to feel to tell the vet she is pregnant. After this, the puppies can be mistaken for other things such as food in the gut. [5]
- Check for heartbeats. In late pregnancy (week 6 onwards), the vet can sometimes hear fetal heartbeats by holding a stethoscope to the dog's belly. However, this is much more difficult than for human babies because of the rustling of the dog's fur coat and the fact that dogs have round, not flat, tummies. [6]
- Perform a blood test. The gold standard to test for pregnancy is for your vet to run a blood test that looks for the presence of a pregnancy hormone called Relaxin. [7]
- The hormone is only reliably present after day 28 of the pregnancy. If the test is run before this date it is possible to get falsely negative results, where you believe the bitch isn't pregnant when she is. [8]
- A positive result at any point, even before day 28, does confirm pregnancy. [9]
- Have an ultrasound. The method that can confirm pregnancy the earliest is an ultrasound. A skilled ultrasound operator can pick up puppies on the scanner from around day 16 onward. [10]
- In a docile bitch the scan can be done without sedation.
- The operator will need to clip fur on the tummy of very furry dogs so that the probe can make good contact with her skin. [11]
- Ask about getting an x-ray. With the widespread use of ultrasound, the need for x-rays in pregnancy has decreased. The main reason to x-ray a pregnant bitch is in late pregnancy, to count how many puppies are present in the womb.
- This information is useful so that the owner knows when all puppies have been safely born. It can alert an owner that the bitch's labor has stopped but she still has a puppy inside.
EditDiagnosing Early Pregnancy Signs - Be patient. A dog may not show any signs of pregnancy in the first 2-3 weeks (which is the first third of the pregnancy). Her appetite should remain normal.
- Pregnant female dogs absolutely do suffer from morning sickness like people do, however not until approximately day 21 after being mated. It usually lasts 1-2 weeks. Also on day 21, you can look at your female's gums. If the mating took, her gums will be white instead of the normal pink. This is because the fetus' are attaching in her uterus and the blood in her body is gathering there, so for a day or two, her gums will appear white. There is nothing to worry about. If it continues after 2 days, call your vet.
- Notice any mood changes. Some people first suspect their bitch might be pregnant because she is a bit quieter than usual, but this is more anecdotal observation than proven fact. Pregnancy causes changing hormone levels and this affects each dog differently.
- Some dogs may become quieter than usual, others may become more affectionate and clingy, and still others could withdraw and want to be left alone. [12]
- Watch for other signs of illness. Whilst a change in a dog's apparent mood or behavior can indicate pregnancy, this is a vague sign that could also indicate that she is unwell. Therefore, you should monitor her closely for any symptoms of ill health such as loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, coughing, sneezing, or vaginal discharge.
- If your dog has been mated but subsequently goes off her food in the next few days or weeks, this is unlikely to be related to pregnancy and she should be checked by a veterinarian. This is also the case if you see a vaginal discharge (not normal during pregnancy) or if she is vomiting regularly. [13]
- Make sure that you are gentle with your dog's belly even if you are not sure if she is pregnant yet. You would not want to take the risk of harming the pups.
- Some dogs do experience "morning sickness". It is caused by hormonal fluctuations. Also, a clear discharge during pregnancy is normal. If it is foul smelling, see your vet.
- With newborn puppies try not to touch them much if the mother isn't familiar with your scent. If your a stranger she might neglect the touched puppy cause it doesn't have her smell.
- A laboring mom who is not used to being handled or touched may be more likely to bite, so use caution! Keep children and strangers away from her "nest" or puppy area.
- False pregnancy is a common occurrence in dogs. A few weeks after going into heat, a dog can exhibit signs of pregnancy, such as enlarged nipples and increased appetite, without actually being pregnant.[14] Check with your vet to make absolutely sure whether your dog is pregnant.
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