| How to Care for an Orphan Calf Posted: 03 Jun 2016 05:00 PM PDT There are going to be times, no matter if you are raising beef or dairy cattle, that you will have an orphaned calf to raise and care for. You have to take up the duties as Mother Cow when the calf's biological mother refuses to have anything to do with the calf. When all else fails of you trying to get the cow to accept her calf, you must be the one to care for that orphan. - Place the calf in a warm, safe and secure area. Any place that provides shelter for the calf away from inclement weather or other animals will be sufficient. A barn with a small pen inside is sufficient. A calf hutch, be it bought or made, is also good for the calf. The fence should be enough so the calf cannot escape should he decide to wonder away for a little bit.
- Make sure you pack the ground with straw for the calf to sleep on (applicable to those who calve in the winter or early spring). Do not simply put a calf in a barn without any sort of bedding. Calves are much more susceptible to cold than cows are, and a thick bed of straw will keep the calf nice and warm.
- For those calves born in the summer, he should have an area where he will be shaded from the sun for most of the day. However, calves also need their Vitamin D, so don't devoid him completely of any access to any sunny areas the calf might like to sleep in.
- Buy proper nursing and feeding supplies as soon as possible. Colostrum should be priority and should be on-hand before you get any other supplies. Powdered colostrum can be obtained at a local feed store or your local large animal veterinarian.
- You must feed the calf colostrum within 24 to 72 hours after birth. Any time after and the calf is more subject to illnesses and diseases that could easily kill it.
- Colostrum needs to be fed once every 2 to 3 hours. Depending on the weight of the calf, you need to feed one or two quarts per feeding. If the calf will not take the bottle right away, then you will have to use an esophageal feeder to feed the calf, especially if it is weak from the cold or from a difficult birth.
- If the young calf is hungry, it will accept the bottle right away, especially if you give it a taste of milk by rubbing milk formula over its nose and in its mouth. Young calves that haven't been suckling at their dams are the quickest learners. Older calves are much harder to get to accept the bottle because they have become accustomed to suckling from their mothers.
- Bottle or bucket-feed the calf every two to three hours until it is a few days old. Between that time you can slowly change the milk formula from colostrum to normal calf-milk formula. After that you can start feeding the calf three times a day: morning, noon and night. Make sure you give the calf 10% of his body weight in milk per day.
- As the calf gets older, the number of feedings per day can start to decrease. Decrease to twice a day when the calf reaches a month old, then once a day when the calf reaches a little over 2 months old. Bottle calves are typically weaned from the bottle by the time they are 3 to 4 months old.
- Offer clean fresh water to the calf at all times. Keep a bucket available that the calf cannot turn over. Calves are always curious, and they soon figure out that that clear liquid stuff in the pail is good to drink.
- Feed the calf a ration of high-quality calf feeds. Special formulated calf-starter diets can be purchased at your local feed store, and are good to get a calf started on to help him grow. These feeds are high in protein, calcium, phosphorus, energy and other important nutrients that he needs for growth.
- Also let the calf have access to high-quality hay. Make sure you feed-test the hay to ensure it is the high quality that it looks, because quite often hay that looks like is good is mere gut-filler, even if it is green. The hay should be 60% legume (alfalfa or clover) and 40% grass.
- Talk to a vet about what sort of vaccinations and vitamin/mineral injections are needed for the calf. Depending on the health and age of the calf and where you are located, certain injections that a newborn needs include Vitamin A, D and E, Selenium (only for Selenium-deficient areas!), etc.
- More vaccinations will be needed if you did not vaccinate your cows for illnesses such as scours, or if you did not feed the calf the colostrum from his mother. Certain vaccinations need to be done when the calf is 2 to 3 months of age, which also often require boosters.
- Keep the area where the calf is clean. Replace soiled straw every day with fresh straw, and use a fork and shovel (or one of those forks specially designed for mucking out horse's stables) to remove any feces or soiled straw. Also check to see if any "accidents" were made in the calf's feed area, and remove any soiled feed if you see any.
- Watch the calf closely for any signs of illness. If your calf develops scours (calf diarrhea), infection (i.e., joint ill or navel ill), respiratory problems, or anything that seems out of the ordinary, call a vet.
- It's easy to over-react when you hear your calf cough for some reason or other. Sometimes coughing or sneezing comes from a little bit of feed it got caught in its throat or he inhaled too much dust or feed by accident. If the coughing or sneezing is not regular, then it is nothing to worry about. If he's coughing all the time and develops other symptoms, then it's time to call the vet.
- Not keeping regular scheduled feedings will cause a calf's stomach to get upset and make him get scours. Keeping a routine will prevent this.
- Check the calf for ticks, fleas, lice and other bugs that can spread disease. Spray to alleviate flies and mosquitoes as well.
- Keep up with feeding, nursing and caring for the calf, and soon it will be time to wean him and watch him grow into a healthy bovine!
- Keep a schedule for feeding, nursing and health records. This ensures you keep everything in routine so as not to upset the calf's fragile digestive system.
- Raising a calf outdoors (early spring, summer, early fall) is one of the best and easiest ways to go. Best is to provide it with a companion animal (goat especially) to show the calf the salt lick, water, feeding area, and shelter.
- Always keep colostrum on hand, no matter what. You never know when you are going to need it.
- If possible, let the calf have an area where he can start to graze. Calves can begin to eat grass when they are around a few days old.
- Feed 10% of the calf's body weight in milk every day. Split up this amount to two to three feedings per day.
- Page wire is good enough to keep a calf confined to his area.
- Keep it in an open and safe place.
- Dairy calves are the most susceptible to dying from illness than beef calves are. Extra care must be taken when bottle-raising a dairy calf.
- Do not make bull calves pets. Pet bulls can be made into very dangerous bulls that have no respect for humans. To prevent this, either don't make friends with the bull calf or castrate it as soon as possible.
- Calves are strong creatures, so make sure you handle the calf to minimize your chance of getting head-butted or kicked.
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| How to Calculate Gross Profit Margin Posted: 03 Jun 2016 09:00 AM PDT Gross profit is a fairly simple comparison of the cost of the goods your company sells to the income derived from those goods. Gross profit margin is the ratio of gross profit to total revenue expressed as a percentage. Gross profit margin is a quick yet useful way to meaningfully compare your company to competitors or average industry values. It can also be used to compare your company's current state to its past performance, especially in markets where the price of your goods can fluctuate significantly. EditCalculating Gross Profit Margin - Look up Net Sales and Cost of Goods Sold. The company's income statement lists both values.
- Gross Profit Margin = (Net Sales - Cost of Goods Sold) ÷ Net Sales.
- Example. A company makes $4,000 selling goods that cost $3,000 to produce. Its gross profit margin is , or 25%.
EditUnderstanding the Terms - Understand Gross Profit Margin. The Gross Profit Margin (GPM) is the percentage of revenue a company has left over after paying direct costs of producing goods.[1] All other expenditures (including shareholder dividends) must come out of this percentage. This makes the GPM a good indicator of profitability.
- Define Net Sales. A company's net sales equal its total sales minus returns, allowances for damaged merchandise, and discounts.[2] This is a more accurate measure of incoming money than total sales alone.
- Measure Costs of Goods Sold. Abbreviated COGS, this figure includes the cost of materials, labor, and other expenses directly related to the production of goods or services.[3] It does not include costs of distribution, labor that does not go into goods production, or other indirect costs.
- Avoid confusing Gross Profit with GPM. The Gross Profit equals the Net Sales minus the Cost of Goods Sold. This is expressed in dollars or other units of currency. The formula above converts Gross Profit to GPM, a percentage, for easy comparison with other companies.
- Understand why these figures are important. Investors look at Gross Profit Margin to see how efficiently a company can use its resources. If one company has a GPM of 10% and a second company has a GPM of 20%, the second company is making twice as much money per dollar spent on goods. Assuming other costs are roughly equal between the two companies, the second company is probably the better investment opportunity.
- It's best to compare companies in the same sector. Some goods and services have a lower average profit margin than others.
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| How to Make a Custom Brush in Photoshop CC 2015 Posted: 03 Jun 2016 01:00 AM PDT Photoshop is an amazing tool, and you can use it to completely transform your images. The only problem is you need to know how to use it. There are many thing you can't do without a custom-made brush. To make one, start with step one, below. - Open Photoshop.
- Go to File > New or press in Windows or press in Mac, on the keyboard.
- Set document type to custom and the width to 500 pixels and height to 500 pixels as well. A brush can be very big, but it can be made smaller later; in that way it won't loose any detail. The background contents should be white and color profile to sRGB. A name can be given if required. Hit OK.
- Create the custom brush. It can be designed for making stars, making latte art, making hairs, adding mustaches etc. This example will show stars. Now the custom brush can be made by using the brush tool, or any other tool present in Photoshop. Make sure that the brush is black and the background is white.
- Once you have created it, go to Edit > Define Brush Preset...
- Enter the name of the brush and hit OK.
- Normally you won't see any change, but the brush has been created.
- Select the Brush Tool on the left side or hit on the keyboard (shortcut). The brush should show up. If it does not then right click on the page/canvas. A box with lot of brushes will come, scroll down at the bottom and at last place will be the brush. Hover over it the name will be shown.
- Adjust if desired. You can make the custom brush even more custom by going to Brush Presets Window > Brush.
- Use your brush! This technique will allow you to create flames of fire, sparkles, etc.
EditThings You'll Need |
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