| How to Deal With Narcissistic Personality Disorder Posted: 26 Jun 2016 05:00 PM PDT A person with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) often initially comes across as charming and outgoing, exuding self-confidence.[1] However, the magnetic personality is cast aside and replaced by a self-absorbed individual. [2] This person is extremely difficult to deal with. NPD is one of the most difficult diagnoses for professionals to treat successfully.[3] If the individual with NPD is a family member, a supervisor at work, or someone for whom you already care deeply, you might prefer to explore ways to survive close proximity.[4] You can choose to make adjustments that facilitate co-existence with Narcissistic Personality Disorder, but it can be a difficult road. EditDealing with a Narcissistic Personality - Determine if it's worth dealing with this person. This person has very little interest in listening to you and has a lack of interest in what your needs are.[5] Narcissists think they know more than others. Therefore, they see their decisions as the only logical answers to problems. Narcissists will expect that you will defer to their decisions. There will probably be power struggles or severe control issues in your relationship.[6]
- This person doesn't seem to have an emotional investment in your relationship and becomes angry if there is a perceived criticism of any kind. He probably has a history of severing relationships over trivial causes.[7] If you are determined to maintain the relationship, how do you survive, and remain emotionally intact?
- Determine if you cannot or will not walk away from this person in your life. If it's a new acquaintance, it might be better to abandon the relationship.
- Avoid confrontation. You won't convince a person with NPD that he is wrong. Pick your battles and don't waste effort in tackling an issue that centers on the person's behaviors, as they are unlikely to change.
- If your spouse monopolized the conversation at last night's family reunion and embarrassed you by telling tall tales, chalk it up as water under the bridge. Take a preventative approach before the next gathering, perhaps by arranging for him to sit next to a quiet family member who will greatly enjoy listening to someone else's exploits.
- If the issue involves a decision you've made, such as not riding in the car with him driving if he drinks at the party tonight, state it simply and directly. Feel free to then walk away without trying to justify your decision. That is the behavior you will get from a narcissistic personality so he will understand it – and possibly accept it – better than any emotional plea.
- Establish goal-oriented interaction. People with NPD like to achieve things and then brag about their achievements. [8] Set goals to meet your needs that provide a source of pride for your narcissist.
- If you cringe when thinking about asking your narcissistic husband to spring-clean the patio and backyard, suggest that he should host the season's first barbecue. Narcissists see themselves as social leaders, so this type of event provides the audience he craves. Ask his opinion on what needs to be done then offer to ready the house and refreshments for the gathering. Appeal to his muscle in getting the outside ready. Ironically, you might accomplish even more than the spring cleaning you originally visualized by suggesting an outdoor project (i.e., building a pond, raised garden bed, or outdoor fountain). This would provide him with a bragging point during the party.
- Learn what is important to the person. Remember that a narcissistic personality probably won't understand or respect your emotional statements or gestures. He may actually reject them in a manner that feels callous and hurtful to you.
- Instead, study your subject and learn what is important to him. Then offer him a pragmatic gift of your time or wallet that his perception will translate as a genuine statement of affection.
- Suggest talk therapy. The only effective way to treat this disorder head-on is through talk therapy. Psychotherapy can make inroads in reshaping how persons with NPD perceive themselves and their place in the world. Then they can develop more accurate views of their actual abilities. This can assist them to eventually accept themselves and incorporate opinions of others into their thought processes.[9]
- However, because people with NPD see themselves as fairly flawless,[10] they tend not to recognize any need to seek counseling or make changes in their behaviors.
- Psychotherapy can assist in helping narcissistic people learn to relate to others so that they have more rewarding personal and professional relationships.
- Convincing a person with Narcissistic Personality Disorder to see a therapist, participate in therapy, and remain in the process until real change occurs, is extremely difficult.[11] If a narcissistic personality seeks mental health help, it is generally to address depression or suicidal tendencies.[12] This person will likely be resistant to any discussions of personality overhaul or behavioral modification.
- There are no drugs to treat Narcissistic Personality Disorder, although treatment may include prescriptions to control symptoms or resultant problems such as depression.[13]
EditRecognizing the Traits of Narcissistic Personality Disorder - Consider the person's childhood. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is typically found in males, beginning in adolescence or early adulthood.[14] Experts have not pinpointed causes but speculation includes certain types of parenting:
- Extremely critical parenting: Parenting that is extremely critical can lead to a growing need for the child to seek adoration. [15]
- Gushing parenting: On the other end of the spectrum, parenting that is gushing can give a child an unhealthy sense of entitlement or perfection.[16]
- It appears most likely that parenting that combines extreme elements of both coldness and admiration often produces a narcissist.[17]
- Identify if the person thinks he can do no wrong. A narcissistic personality may first appear to have a strong sense of self-esteem, confidence, and ability.[18] In time, this will be revealed to be steeped in self-belief that he can do no wrong and that he has greater value than those around him.[19]
- Consider if the person thinks he is the center of his universe. The narcissist will feel that the world revolves around him, and he will do what is takes to keep it that way.[20], [21] This might include monopolizing conversations[22]
- Consider if the person is easily angered or verbally abusive. When a narcissist doesn't receive the special treatment to which he feels entitled,[23] he might become angry or verbally abusive.[24]
- Identify if a person is arrogant or boastful. Persons with Narcissistic Personality Disorder will be seen by most as arrogant, boastful, and self-centered.[25] They tend to look down on their inferiors[26] (basically, everyone else), and may tear others down in order to build themselves up. They will manipulate others to get what they want.
- Identify a person's lack of empathy. Perhaps the most challenging issue in dealing with someone who has NPD is that he has no real ability to empathize with others[27] and no desire to learn.
- Notice if a person overreacts to criticism. He will not try to meet the needs of others. In fact, he may react in anger to any request for such, as it may be perceived as a criticism. [28]
- It once was thought that the exaggerated sense of self-worth in a narcissistic personality was in compensation for an actual lack of self-esteem. Experts now believe that narcissists are self-delusional in that they actually believe in their own grandiosity.[29] They feel entitled to adoration from others, despite any evidence of achievement.[30]
- Therefore, narcissists may overreact, possibly even becoming aggressive, when they feel attacked by even the slightest of criticisms.[31]
- Consider if the person has unrealistic expectations. The narcissist will have exaggerated beliefs of self-importance, superiority, achievement, and ability; manipulative behaviors as well as expectations of obedience, admiration, and entitlement; and preoccupation with "fantasies about success, power, brilliance, beauty or the perfect mate."[32]
- The narcissist will demand that the highest quality possible ("the best") be expended or produced on his behalf.[33]
- Look at the person's relationships. It is difficult to work or live with someone with Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Persons with NPD tend to have problems in their personal relationships as well as at work and/or school. [34]
- Some may note a real or perceived flaw in their perfection that leads to depression or moodiness. [35] Suicidal thoughts complicate matters further.
- Notice if there is drug or alcohol abuse. When life does not run smoothly, a narcissist may have issues with drugs or alcohol.[36] Examine how much the person is drinking alcohol or if he is abusing drugs.
EditTaking Care of Yourself and Others - Seek emotional support elsewhere. Accept right now that your emotional needs will not be met by this person.[37] Find a trusted friend or other confidante (a relative, counselor, or priest, for instance) who will provide a listening ear and understanding for those times you need to talk about your frustrations. Have a network of friends to fill the other emotional gaps left in your life.
- If your spouse has NPD, he may not share in your enthusiasm when you get a commendation at work because it doesn't concern him personally. He may even receive this commendation negatively if he doesn't get regular atta-boys at his job. Be prepared for a ho-hum response from him.
- Post a happy note on your social media or call a couple friends who will give you the high-fives you deserve.
- Educate yourself to improve your quality of life. Every individual is unique, so educate yourself about Narcissistic Personality Disorder but also do your best to learn how your specific person with NPD processes his world. The better you understand that lens, the more you can adapt your approach to him so that you get the results you seek more often than otherwise.
- Learn to anticipate how he will react given particular circumstances then set up the scenario to obtain the results you want. Examine how he sees you in his world then try to fit that mold as comfortably as you can.[38]
- Don't bend so much that you break, but manipulate the setting so there's a happy medium. Remember to employ the grandmotherly maxim given to brides: He'll do anything you want if you make him think it was his own idea.
- The better you know and understand your person with NPD, the more likely you can reach beyond the wall separating you to show that you truly care, which will benefit you both.[39]
- Don't forego making emotional gestures. You may find that a person with NPD responds well to the non-emotional favors you learn to do. This doesn't mean, however, that you have to forego making emotional gestures from your own heart.
- In fact, he may appreciate being able to show off to co-workers that you put a love-note in his lunch box. Keep in mind, however, that you probably won't get any expression of appreciation at home that night.
- Your expression of caring will meet your own need of giving love without pain as long as you don't expect him to react emotionally or to reciprocate your gesture.[40]
- Seek advice from other resources. You've put yourself on the right track by starting to educate yourself about Narcissistic Personality Disorder. There are numerous support groups, books, and other resources with practical advice to help you survive this challenging relationship.
- Share ideas with other people. Don't forget that you aren't the only person impacted by the narcissistic personality in your life. Share ideas with this person's friends and co-workers who are trying to maintain a relationship with him.
- Monitor his children. If there are children living with this person, make sure they are safe with this parent. Narcissistic parents can often be verbally or emotionally abusive. Take note if the children are lacking certain social skills because of his behaviors.[41]Consider ways you can compensate or re-teach certain social skills so the children don't become adults with similar behaviors.
- It is more often the case that men develop Narcissistic Personality Disorder. However, women can also develop it.[42]
- If the person with NPD is having thoughts of suicide, get him to an emergency room immediately or call 911.
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| How to Treat a Wound Posted: 26 Jun 2016 09:00 AM PDT Most small wounds, such as cuts and scrapes, can be easily treated at home. However, if you have a more serious wound or an infection, you may need medical attention to make sure it heals properly. EditTreating Minor Wounds at Home - Apply pressure to the wound to stop the bleeding. Wash your hands and then use a clean bandage or cloth to press firmly on the wound. Washing your hands will prevent you from transferring bacteria from your hands to the wound. The pressure will help slow the bleeding and promote clotting.[1]
- If the wound is on an arm, hand, leg, or foot, you can also slow the bleeding by raising it above your heart. For an arm or hand, you can hold it in the air. For a leg or foot, you will need to lie in bed and prop your leg up on a pile of pillows.
- Clean the wound. Rinse it with clean water. This will help to remove dirt and other particles that might cause an infection. Wash the skin around the wound with soap and a clean washcloth. Gently pat the wound and surrounding tissues dry.[2][3]
- If running water is not able to remove all of the debris from the wound, you may need to remove it with tweezers. Wash and then sterilize the tweezers with rubbing alcohol before touching them to the wound. Then gently remove any foreign particles embedded in the wound. If you cannot remove them all, go to the emergency room and have a doctor help you.
- If the wound has an object embedded in it, do not remove it. Instead, go to the doctor so that it can be removed safely without causing additional damage.
- Do not wipe the wound with a cotton ball that might leave pieces of material stuck in the wound. This increases the risk of infection and may complicate healing.
- Prevent infection with a topical antibiotic. After you have stopped the bleeding and cleaned the wound, apply an antibiotic cream to protect it from infection. You can purchase antibiotic creams and ointments such as Neosporin or Polysporin over-the-counter at your local pharmacy.[4][5][6] Use these ointments for one to two days.
- Always read and follow the instructions on the packaging. If you are pregnant, nursing, or treating a child, consult your doctor before using any medications.
- Do not apply an antiseptic disinfectant like alcohol or hydrogen peroxide. This can harm the tissues and make it take longer to heal.
- Cover the wound with a bandage. This will prevent bacteria and dirt from entering the wound. Depending upon where the wound is located, a simple adhesive bandage may be sufficient. If the wound is larger or located near a joint, you may need to wrap it so that the covering will stay in place.[7]
- Do not wrap so tightly that you cut off the circulation.
- Change the bandage daily to prevent infection. If it becomes wet or dirty, change it promptly.
- Use waterproof bandages or wrap plastic wrap over your bandages when you shower to keep them dry.
- Monitor the wound to make sure it does not get infected. If it shows signs of infection, go to the emergency room. Signs to watch for include:[8]
- Increasing pain over time
- Warmth
- Swelling
- Redness
- Pus leaking from the wound
- Fever
EditGetting Medical Care - Go to the emergency room if you have a serious wound. Do not try to drive yourself if you have just suffered a severe wound. Have someone drive you or call emergency medical responders. You need professional medical care if you have a wound that is bleeding severely or may leave you permanently disabled if it does not heal properly. This includes:[9]
 - Cut arteries. If you are bleeding bright red blood which is pumped out of your wound each time your heart beats, call emergency medical responders. It is important that you receive care before you lose too much blood.
- Bleeding that does not stop after a few minutes of pressure. This may occur if you have a severe, deep cut. If can also occur if you have a blood disorder or are on medication that prevents your blood from clotting.
- Wounds where you cannot move or feel a body part. This may be indicative of a deeper injury to the bone or tendons.
- Wounds with a foreign object stuck inside. Common examples include glass, shrapnel, or stones. In this case a doctor will need to remove the objects and prevent infection.
- Long jagged cuts that are difficult to heal. If the cut is larger than about two inches, you may need stitches to help it close.
- Wounds to the face. Facial wounds require expert care to prevent scarring.
- Wounds that have a high risk of infection. This includes wounds that are contaminated with feces, bodily fluids (including saliva from animal or human bites), or soil.
- Get medical treatment for your wound. The care that your doctor recommends will likely vary based on whether it is infected. If it is not infected the wound will be cleaned and closed. Closing the wound quickly will help prevent scarring. There are several techniques the doctor may use to close the wound:[10][11]
- Stitches. Wounds longer than about 2 ½ inches may be sewn closed with sterile thread. The stitches may be taken out by a doctor five to seven days later for small incisions, seven to 14 for larger wounds. Or, if your doctor feels it is appropriate, she may use thread where the stitches will dissolve after a few weeks as the wound heals.[12] Never remove your stitches yourself. You may cause an injury or infection to the site of the wound.
- Tissue adhesive glue. This substance would be applied to the edges of the wound while it is held together. As it dries it will seal the wound shut. The glue will come off by itself after about a week.
- Butterfly stitches. These are not actually stitches. Instead they are sticky strips that hold the wound closed. The doctor will remove them after the wound heals. Do not remove them yourself.
- Let your doctor treat an infected wound. If your wound is infected the doctor will treat the infection before closing the wound. If it is closed while it is still infected, this will seal the infection in and may cause it to spread. Your doctor may:[13]
- Swab the infection so the pathogen can be studied and identified. This can help determine the best course of treatment.
- Clean the wound and pack it with a dressing that will prevent it from closing.
- Give you antibiotics to eliminate the infection.
- Ask you to return after several days so the doctor can evaluate whether the infection has been successfully treated. If so, the doctor will then close the wound.
- Get a tetanus vaccine. Your doctor may want you to get a tetanus vaccine if the wound is deep or has dirt in it and you have not had one in the past five years.[14][15]
- Tetanus is a bacterial infection. It is also called "lockjaw" because it can cause the muscles of the jaw and neck to contract. It can also cause breathing problems and can be fatal.
- There is no cure, so the best prevention is staying up to date on your vaccines.
- Go to a wound care center if you have a non-healing wound. Non-healing wounds are wounds that have not started to heal after two weeks or have not finished healing after six weeks. Common types of wounds that are difficult to heal include pressure sores, surgical wounds, radiation sores, and wounds resulting from diabetes, lack of blood flow, or swollen legs, which often occur in the foot. At a wound care center you will have access to:[16]
- Nurses, doctors, and physical therapists who will teach you to clean your wound properly and do exercises to maintain the blood flow.
- Specialized therapies to remove dead tissue. This may include cutting it away, using a whirlpool or syringe to wash it away, applying chemicals to dissolve the dead tissue, and using wet-to-dry dressings that dry on the wound and absorb dead tissue.
- Specialized procedures to promote healing include: compression stockings to improve blood flow, ultrasound to stimulate healing, artificial skins to protect wounds as they heal, removing fluid from the wound with negative pressure therapy, providing you with growth factors to promote healing, and using hyperbaric oxygen therapy to increase the blood supply to your tissues.
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| How to Calculate Net Sales Posted: 26 Jun 2016 01:00 AM PDT Your company's sales represent amounts you are paid for selling a product or service. However, you may not receive full payment from the invoices you send to customers. Your total sales (gross sales) may be reduced by sales returns, allowances and discounts. You make these adjustments to calculate net sales. Businesses do not immediately receive all of their sales in cash. EditUnderstanding Sales - Review the net sales formula. Sales represents the total units you sold, multiplied by the sale price per unit. The formula for net sales is (Gross sales) less (Sales returns, allowances and discounts). Net sales is important to the people who read and use your financial statements. Your gross sales are total sales before any adjustments.[1]
- The net sales total is the most precise figure for the sales that your firm generates.
- Sales generate revenue. Revenue is defined as the amount of money a business receives in a period. Most of the revenue generated by a business is from selling a product or service.[2]
- Your company can also generate revenue from non-sales activities, such as selling a building or a piece of machinery.
- Use the accrual method of accounting for your sales. The accrual method recognizes revenue when it is earned and expenses when they are incurred. Since sales generate revenue, you should post sales using the accrual method. [3]
- You can recognize revenue from sales when you send an invoice to the client, or when your physically deliver the product. Every company has a policy for recognizing sales revenue.
- This accounting method matches revenue with expenses. It is a better indicator of company profit than the cash method of accounting. The cash method recognizes revenue when cash is received. Expenses are posted when cash is paid.[4]
- Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) requires most businesses to use the accrual method of accounting. All companies of any size need to conform with GAAP rules. Only a very small business with a single owner would use a different method than accrual accounting. Those small businesses may use the cash method.[5]
- Compute gross sales. Gross sales is the total amount of products and services sold during a period of time. You can think of gross sales as the total dollar amount of invoices that you sent to clients. Invoices are sent to request payment for a sale.[6]
EditDeducting Sales Returns, Allowances and Discounts - Subtract sales returns. A sales return occurs when a customer returns merchandise to you. Typically, a sales return happens when the goods are defective or damaged. If you buy a pair of pants and notice that the stitching is coming apart, for example, you would expect to return the item for a full refund. Assume you have $50,000 in returns.[7]
- Account for sales allowances. A sales allowance is a reduction in price charged by the seller. The reduction could be due to a problem with the goods sold. For example, the quality of the items sold did not meet the seller's standards. If there is a mistake in the number of items shipped, or an error in the sale price, the seller may post a sales allowance. Say that sales allowances total $40,000.[8]
- Post a sales discount. A sales discount is a reduction in the sale price, in exchange for an early payment from the buyer. In this case, the seller would prefer to collect cash early, even the cash received is less that the amount billed to the customer. Offering sales discounts can improve the company's cash flow. Assume that sales discounts total $60,000.[9]
EditPosting New Sales to the Income Statement - Calculate net sales. Assume that your gross sales total $1,000,000. You have $50,000 in sales returns, $40,000 in sales allowances and $60,000 in sales discounts. Your net sales would be ($1,000,000 - $50,000 - $40,000 - $60,000 = $850,000).
- Post net sales to the income statement. The income statement presents revenue less expenses equals net income (profit). This financial statement is created for a specific period of time, such as a month or year. Net sales should be added to other revenue in the income statement.[10]
- Analyze the income statement to make business decisions. You can compare the results in income statement to the amounts you budgeted for the period. This analysis can help you make informed business decisions to improve your company. If net sales were lower than budgeted, you may consider lowering your sales price to attract more customers.
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