| How to Identify a Deer Tick Posted: 07 May 2016 09:00 AM PDT Of the over 80 types of ticks active in North America, there are only seven species that can transmit disease to humans through its bite.[1] The deer tick, or blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) can transmit Lyme disease and other illnesses to its hosts. Ticks are most easily identified in their adult stage, but disease can be transmitted in the nymph stage as well.[2] If a tick bites you or attaches itself to your clothing, it's important to be able to identify whether or not it is a deer tick so you can get prompt medical attention if needed. EditExamining the Tick - Remove the tick from its host, if necessary. The best way to remove the tick is to use pointy-edged tweezers, angling the points to ensure that the head of the tick is removed along with the body.[3]Old-fashioned methods, such as soaking it with petroleum jelly or painted the affected site with nail polish, aren't as effective in tick removal.
- Did you remove the whole tick? If you've jerked or twisted the tick while removing it, the mouth parts may break off and remain in the skin. You may be able to remove the mouth parts separately using clean tweezers.[4] You should still be able to identify the tick without the mouth parts.
- Put the tick in a vial or lidded jar, or place it on a piece of white paper and use a piece of clear tape to cover it.
- Confirm that it's a tick. How many legs does it have? Ticks, like other arachnids, will have eight legs in the nymph and adult stage, but will have only six legs in the larval stage.[5]
- If you've put the tick in a jar or vial, watch it move. If it is a tick, it will crawl, but will not be able to fly or jump.
- Ticks have flattened, tear-shaped bodies at all stages of growth. When engorged, the tick's body will be rounded and its color will be lighter.
- Deer ticks are smaller than their counterparts, the dog and lone star ticks. Deer tick nymphs are typically the size of a poppy seed, 1 to 2 mm (.039 to .078 inches) in diameter, while adults range from 2 to 3.5 mm (.078 to .137 inches) and are roughly the size of a sesame seed. An engorged tick may be about 10 mm long.[6]
- Hard ticks, such as the deer tick, have a scutum or shield covering the body.[7] Soft ticks do not have this feature.[8]
- Examine the tick's scutum, or shield. A magnifying glass can be helpful, as ticks in pre-adult stages are quite small.
- The scutum is the hard section behind the tick's head. A deer tick will have a solid-color scutum, while the shield of other ticks is patterned.[9]
- The scutum can also provide information about the gender of the tick.The scutum of the adult male will cover most of the body, while that of the female will be much smaller.
- If the tick is engorged (after feeding) it can be hard to identify by other characteristics. An engorged deer tick will be rust- or brown-red in color, while the color of other engorged ticks may be pale gray or greenish-gray.[10] However, the scutum will remain unchanged.
EditTelling Deer Ticks from Other Ticks - Identify the tick by its markings. Unfed adult female deer ticks have a unique bright orange-red body surrounding the black scutum. Adult males are dark brown to black in color. [11]
- The name "wood tick" is used for a number of different ticks, including the deer tick, lone star tick, and American dog tick. All three ticks tend to live in wooded or recently cleared areas, and crawl up from the ground. You'll need to look to their markings to tell them apart.[12]
- Brown dog ticks will have mottled brown and white markings on their scrotums, which deer ticks do not have. The lone star tick has a distinctive white star-like marking on its scutum.
- The deer tick is about half the size of the brown dog tick, both in its pre-fed state and when engorged.
- Brown dog ticks rarely attach to humans.[13]However, they are one of the few ticks that can infest a home. As the name implies, they're frequently carried by dogs, and can be found in kennels, around veterinary offices, and outdoor areas frequented by infected animals.[14]
- Look at the length of the tick's mouthparts, or "capitulum". It may look like a head, but this is the part of the tick that attaches to the host in order to feed. It consists of two leg-like sensory structures that detect the presence of a host, a pair of knife-like structures that allow the tick to cut through the skin, and a single barbed structure (the "hypostome") that enters this opening.
- The capitulum on the deer tick is much longer than in other common ticks, such as the dog tick. The capitulum is positioned to the front, and visible from above.[15]
- The female deer tick has a larger capitulum than a male deer tick. Adult male deer ticks do not feed.
- Consider where you found the tick. Deer ticks are particularly well-established along the Eastern and Upper Midwestern United States, but can be found as far south as Texas and into Missouri, Kansas, and parts of Oklahoma.[16]
- Deer ticks are most active in the spring, summer and fall. However, they may be active whenever the temperature is above freezing. Other forms of ticks, such as the dog tick, are generally most active in spring and summer months only.[17]
- The adult form of the deer tick lives in woody, brushy habitats. They prefer low-lying shrubs, not trees.[18]
- The Western Blacklegged Tick is another form of the deer tick, found along the Pacific Coastal regions. It is especially active in Northern California. This form of tick rarely attaches to humans.[19]
- If you suspect you may have a deer tick bite, see a doctor immediately for treatment. Treatment for Lyme disease when caught within two weeks is usually successful.
- Disease is most commonly acquired from deer ticks in the nymph stage. Because nymphs are much smaller than adult ticks, they're less likely to be caught and removed quickly.[20]
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| How to Write in Third Person Posted: 07 May 2016 01:00 AM PDT Writing in third person can be a simple task once you get a little practice with it. For academic purposes, third person writing means that the writer must avoid using subjective pronouns like "I" or "you." For creative writing purposes, there are differences between third person omniscient, limited, objective, and episodically limited points of view. Choose which one fits your writing project. EditWriting in Third Person Academically - Use third person for all academic writing. For formal writing, such as research and argumentative papers, use the third person. Third person makes your writing more objective and less personal. For academic and professional writing, this sense of objectivity allows the writer to seem less biased and, therefore, more credible.[1]
- Third person helps the writing stay focused on facts and evidence instead of personal opinion.[2]
- Use the correct pronouns. Third person refers to people "on the outside." You either write about someone by name or use third person pronouns.
- Third person pronouns include: he, she, it; his, her, its; him, her, it; himself, herself, itself; they; them; their; themselves.
- Names of other people are also considered appropriate for third person use.
- Example: "Smith believes differently. According to his research, earlier claims on the subject are incorrect."
- Avoid first person pronouns. First person refers to a point of view in which the writer says things from his or her personal perspective. This point of view makes things too personal and opinionated. You should avoid first person in an academic essay.[3]
- First person pronouns include: I, me, my, mine, myself, we, us, our, ours, ourselves.[4]
- The problem with first person is that, academically speaking, it sounds too personalized and too subjective. In other words, it may be difficult to convince the reader that the views and ideas being expressed are unbiased and untainted by personal feelings. Many times, when using first person in academic writing, people use phrases like "I think," "I believe," or "in my opinion."
- Incorrect example: "Even though Smith thinks this way, I think his argument is incorrect."
- Correct example: "Even though Smith thinks this way, others in the field disagree."
- Avoid second person pronouns. Second person refers to point of view that directly addresses the reader. This point of view shows too much familiarity with the reader since you speak to them directly like you know them. Second person should never be used in academic writing.[5]
- Second person pronouns include: you, your, yours, yourself.[6]
- One main problem with second person is that it can sound accusatory. It runs to risk of placing too much responsibility on the shoulders of the reader specifically and presently reading the work.
- Incorrect example: "If you still disagree nowadays, then you must be ignorant of the facts."
- Correct example: "Someone who still disagrees nowadays must be ignorant of the facts."
- Refer to the subject in general terms. Sometimes, a writer will need to refer to someone in indefinite terms. In other words, they may need to generally address or speak about a person. This is usually when the temptation to slip into the second person "you" comes into play. An indefinite third person pronoun or noun is appropriate here.
- Indefinite third person nouns common to academic writing include: the writer, the reader, individuals, students, a student, an instructor, people, a person, a woman, a man, a child, researchers, scientists, writers, experts.
- Example: "In spite of the challenges involved, researchers still persist in their claims."
- Indefinite third person pronouns include: one, anyone, everyone, someone, no one, another, any, each, either, everybody, neither, nobody, other, anybody, somebody, everything, someone.
- Incorrect example: "You might be tempted to agree without all the facts."
- Correct example: "One might be tempted to agree without all the facts."[7]
- Watch out for singular and plural pronoun use. One mistake that writers often make when writing in third person is accidentally switching into a plural pronoun when the subject should be singular.
- This is usually done in an attempt to avoid the gender-specific "he" and "she" pronouns. The mistake here would be to use the plural "they" pronoun in place.[8]
- Incorrect example: "The witness wanted to offer anonymous testimony. They' were afraid of getting hurt if their name was spread."
- Correct example: "The witness wanted to offer anonymous testimony. He or she was afraid of getting hurt if his or her name was spread."
EditWriting in Third Person Omniscient - Shift your focus from character to character. When using third person omniscient perspective, the narrative jumps around from person to person instead of following the thoughts, actions, and words of a single character. The narrator knows everything about each character and the world. The narrator can reveal or withhold any thoughts, feelings, or actions.[9]
- For instance, a story may include four major characters: William, Bob, Erika, and Samantha. At various points throughout the story, the thoughts and actions of each character should be portrayed. These thoughts can occur within the same chapter or block of narration.
- Example: "William thought that Erika was lying, but he still wanted to believe that she had a good reason for doing so. On the other hand, Samantha believed that Erika was lying and felt jealous about the fact that Tony wanted to think well of the other girl at all."
- Reveal any information you want. With third person omniscient view, the narration is not limited the inner thoughts and feelings of any character. Along with inner thoughts and feelings, third person omniscient point of view also permits the writer to reveal parts of the future or past within the story. The narrator can also hold an opinion, give a moral perspective, or discuss animals or nature scenes where the characters are not present.[10]
- In a sense, the writer of a third person omniscient story is somewhat like the "god" of that story. The writer can observe the external actions of any character at any time, but unlike a limited human observer, the writer can also peek into the inner workings of that character at will, as well.
- Know when to hold back. Even though a writer can reveal any information he or she chooses to reveal, it may be more beneficial to reveal some things gradually. For instance, if one character is supposed to have a mysterious aura, it would be wise to limit access to that character's inner feelings for a while before revealing his or her true motives.
- Avoid use of the first person and second person pronouns. Active dialog should be the only time that first person pronouns like "I" and "we" should appear. The same goes for second person pronouns like "you."
- Do not use first person and second person points of view in the narrative or descriptive portions of the text.
- Correct example: Bob said to Erika, "I think this is creepy. What do you think?"
- Incorrect example: I thought this was creepy, and Bob and Erika thought so, too. What do you think?
EditWriting in Third Person Limited - Pick a single character to follow. When writing in third person limited perspective, a writer has complete access to the actions, thoughts, feelings, and belief of a single character. The writer can write as if the character is thinking and reacting, or the writer can step back and be more objective.[11]
- The thoughts and feelings of other characters remain an unknown for the writer throughout the duration of the text. There should be no switching back and forth between characters for this specific type of narrative viewpoint.
- Refer to the character's actions and thoughts from the outside. Even though the focus remains on one character, the writer still needs to treat that character as a separate entity. If the narrator follows the character's thoughts, feelings, and internal dialogue, this still needs to be in third person.[12]
- In other words, do not use first person pronouns like "I," "me," "my," "we," or "our" outside of dialog. The main character's thoughts and feelings are transparent to the writer, but that character should not double as a narrator.
- Correct example: "Tiffany felt awful after the argument with her boyfriend."
- Correct example: "Tiffany thought, "I feel awful after that argument with my boyfriend."
- Incorrect example: "I felt awful after the argument with my boyfriend."
- Focus on other characters' actions and words, not their thoughts or feelings. The writer is as limited to just the protagonist's thoughts and feelings with this point of view. However, with this point of view, other characters can be described without the protagonist noticing it. The narrator can anything the protagonist can; she just can't get into the other character's head.[13]
- Note that the writer can offer insight or guesses regarding the thoughts of other characters, but those guesses must be presented through the perspective of the main character.
- Correct example: "Tiffany felt awful, but judging by the expression on Carl's face, she imagined that he felt just as bad if not worse."
- Incorrect example: "Tiffany felt awful. What she didn't know was that Carl felt even worse."
- Do not reveal any information your main character would not know. Although the narrator can step back and describe the setting or other characters, it has to be anything the viewpoint character can see. Do not bounce around from one character to one character within one scene. The external actions of other characters can only be known when the main character is present to view those actions.
- Correct example: "Tiffany watched from the window as Carl walked up to her house and rang the doorbell."
- Incorrect example: "As soon as Tiffany left the room, Carl let out a sigh of relief."
EditWriting in Episodically Limited Third Person - Jump from character to character. With episodically limited third person, also referred to as third person multiple vision, the writer may have a handful of main characters whose thoughts and perspectives take turns in the limelight. Use each perspective to reveal important information and move the story forward.[14]
- Limit the amount of pov characters you include. You don't want to have too many characters that confuse your reader or serve no purpose. Each pov character should have a specific purpose for having a unique point of view. Ask yourself what each pov character contributes to the story.
- For instance, in a romance story following two main characters, Kevin and Felicia, the writer may opt to explain the inner workings of both characters at different moments in the story.
- One character may receive more attention than any other, but all main characters being followed should receive attention at some point in the story.
- Only focus on one character's thoughts and perspective at a time. Even though multiple perspectives are included in the overall story, the writer should focus on each character one at a time.
- Multiple perspectives should not appear within the same narrative space. When one character's perspective ends, another character's can begin. The two perspectives should not be intermixed within the same space.[15]
- Incorrect example: "Kevin felt completely enamored of Felicia from the moment he met her. Felicia, on the other hand, had difficulty trusting Kevin."
- Aim for smooth transitions. Even though the writer can switch back and forth between different character perspectives, doing so arbitrarily can cause the narrative to become confusing for the narrative.[16]
- In a novel-length work, a good time to switch perspective is at the start of a new chapter or at a chapter break.
- The writer should also identify the character whose perspective is being followed at the start of the section, preferably in the first sentence. Otherwise, the reader may waste too much energy guessing.[17]
- Correct example: "Felicia hated to admit it, but the roses Kevin left on her doorstep were a pleasant surprise."
- Incorrect example: "The roses left on the doorstep seemed like a nice touch."
- Understand who knows what. Even though the reader may have access to information viewed from the perspective of multiple characters, those characters do not have the same sort of access. Some characters have no way of knowing what other characters know.
- For instance, if Kevin had a talk with Felicia's best friend about Felicia's feelings for him, Felicia herself would have no way of knowing what was said unless she witnessed the conversation or heard about it from either Kevin or her friend.
EditWriting in Third Person Objective - Follow the actions of many characters. When using third person objective, the writer can describe the actions and words of any character at any time and place within the story.[18]
- There does not need to be a single main character to focus on. The writer can switch between characters, following different characters throughout the course of the narrative, as often as needed.
- Stay away from first person terms like "I" and second person terms like "you" in the narrative, though. Only use first and second person within dialog.
- Do not attempt to get into directly into a character's head. Unlike omniscient pov where the narrator looks into everyone's head, objective pov doesn't look into anyone's head.[19]
- Imagine that you are an invisible bystander observing the actions and dialog of the characters in your story. You are not omniscient, so you do not have access to any character's inner thoughts and feelings. You only have access to each character's actions.
- Correct example: "After class, Graham hurriedly left the room and rushed back to his dorm room."
- Incorrect example: "After class, Graham raced from the room and rushed back to his dorm room. The lecture had made him so angry that he felt as though he might snap at the next person he met."
- Show but don't tell. Even though a third person objective writer cannot share a character's inner thoughts, the writer can make external observations that suggest what those internal thoughts might be. Describe what is going on. Instead of telling the reader that a character is angry, describe his facial expression, body language, and tone of voice to show that he is mad.[20]
- Correct example: "When no one else was watching her, Isabelle began to cry."
- Incorrect example: "Isabelle was too prideful to cry in front of other people, but she felt completely broken-hearted and began crying once she was alone."
- Avoid inserting your own thoughts. The writer's purpose when using third person objective is to act as a reporter, not a commentator.[21]
- Let the reader draw his or her own conclusions. Present the actions of the character without analyzing them or explaining how those actions should be viewed.
- Correct example: "Yolanda looked over her shoulder three times before sitting down."
- Incorrect example: "It might seem like a strange action, but Yolanda looked over her shoulder three times before sitting down. This compulsive habit is an indication of her paranoid state of mind."
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