| How to Attract Birds Posted: 14 May 2016 05:00 PM PDT While songbirds like finches, sparrows, bluebirds, and others are a colorful and musical delight, these birds are becoming rarer as their natural habitat dwindles. However, you can help as a bird lover and homeowner by turning your backyard into a safe haven for all of your favorites. Birdseed, a birdbath, and safe nesting spots will make your yard much more inviting, and you will be amazed at how many different species you can attract. EditProviding Food - Research birds in your area. Find out what types of birds live in your area or are likely to come to your property through migration. You may want to obtain a field guide to the area in order to know which birds to attract. Aim to create an environment that can support many different species. Bear in mind that you can attract different species depending on the season, as well.[1]
- Choose a bird feeder. The type of feeder you choose will influence what bird species you attract. No matter what, your bird feeder should have a few essential qualities: it should be difficult for squirrels to access, it should keep food dry, and it should be easy to clean. Bird feeders need to be washed out regularly so the food inside remains free of fungi and disease.[2] The most common types of feeders include:
- Tray feeders. Tray feeders are simple, flat trays that allow birds very easy access to seed. The downside is that seed is also accessible to squirrels and unprotected from the weather.
- House feeders. These keep seed in a contained area and dispense it as the birds feed from a small tray at the bottom of the feeder.
- Window feeders. Window feeders attach to your window with suction cups, offering a full view of bird activity. They will attract birds like chickadees, finches, and some kinds of sparrows.
- Suet feeders. Suet feeders are designed to offer suet cakes, which attract different birds like woodpeckers, nuthatches, and chickadees.
- Tube feeders. To attract hummingbirds, use a tube feeder. These dispense sugar water through a tube.
- Provide seed and other food. Birds will be attracted to your yard if you offer them food. However, there are certain things to keep in mind. Do you know what species you are hoping to attract? If you would like to invite a wide range of native species, it's a good idea to have more than one type of feeder and to offer a variety of food. You will inevitably bring less desirable birds – common sparrow, pigeon, or crow – but with good seed choice you can maximize your target birds.[3]
- Corn is a favorite among nearly all birds but is to be used sparingly -- it will attract all sorts of animals. It is also important to be careful about the source of the corn, since cheap corn can be contaminated with pesticides that are toxic to birds.
- Sunflower seeds are popular among all seed-eating birds, which makes them a good choice if you want a variety of species. However, the shells must be raked up frequently. Sunflower seeds will also tempt squirrels.
- White proso millet is a tasty treat for cardinals, quail, sparrows, doves, and crows. It is also attractive to house sparrows and other animals. Hummingbirds love to drink sugar water, meanwhile, and safflower seeds are good for attracting cardinals, chickadees, doves, sparrows, and grosbeaks.
- Suet, the fat around cow and sheep organs, attracts woodpeckers, nuthatches, wrens, jays, and starlings. Peanut butter makes a good winter food, since it is highly nutritious. Just make sure that it doesn't contain additives.
- Know what foods to avoid. Birds can easily be poisoned by food that is contaminated or contains hard-to-digest ingredients. Be sure to buy high-quality seed or suet. Some cheap manufacturers of bird food cut corners, so consider springing for a more expensive brand.[4] Here are a few foods to avoid putting out:
- Bread, crackers, or other processed carbohydrates do not offer birds much nutritional value and can have toxic ingredients. Bacon drippings or other meats can meanwhile contain harmful nitrates. Both may end up attracting mice and rats instead.[5]
- Cheap feeds often contain "filler seeds" that are not eaten like red millet, golden millet, oats, and flax. Be sure to check the ingredients in purchased feed.[6]
- Install the feeder in a safe location. If you want the feeder to be near enough for you to view it from your house, place it within three feet of your window. Placing it further away is dangerous for birds, since they are more likely to collide with a window (a situation that kills millions of birds every year). The feeder should also be far enough away from tree cover to prevent squirrels from reaching the feeder from a tree.[7]
- Maintain the feeder. It is important to change the food frequently and clean the feeder with soap and water every few weeks. Otherwise, bird droppings, fungus, and bacteria can contaminate the feeder and the food, potentially sickening birds. Be particularly vigilant during wet weather, when damp food is more susceptible to mold. For the same reason, and because it attracts undesirable animals, food that has fallen to the ground should be cleared away.[8]
- Provide grit. Birds lack teeth and many instead rely on an organ called a gizzard to digest food. To work properly the gizzard needs grit – bits of sand, gravel, or other small stones. You can help by offering insoluble grit (e.g. small pieces of gravel) or soluble grit (like cuttlebone, crushed oyster shell, or crushed eggshell). Eggshell serves a dual purpose by giving the birds calcium needed for egg-laying.[9]
EditCreating Nesting Spots - Plant native trees, shrubs and plants. Use a local field guide or call your local Audubon Society chapter (if you live in the United States) to find out what grows naturally in your region, and add these plants to your garden. Native trees, shrubs, and plants are more likely to attract birds than non-native trees, shrubs, and plants. A variety of native trees, shrubs, and grasses will also provide natural shelter and cover for birds.[10]
- Evergreen trees and shrubs like hollies make great homes for birds over the winter.
- Many birds are attracted to fruit and berries, so consider planting an apple tree or planting a blueberry bush.
- Build a birdhouse or nesting box. Different species nest in different places, so it is a good idea to conduct research on the type of bird you wish to attract. If you plan to buy a birdhouse or build a nesting box, take note that boxes with different holes, shapes, and orientations will attract different species. Such a box can be mounted to a tree or hung from a pole. Make sure that the box is up no later than February if you are in a southerly location; if in the north, hang it in March.[11]
- Make sure that your nest site has adequate ventilation and is supplied with a "baffle" and reinforcement ring at the opening. This will prevent predators from entering.
- Create a nesting site using natural materials. If you would like to create a more natural nesting spot, an easy way to do it is to allow your yard to grow a bit more wild. Let the grass grow in a certain spot or build a brush pile. This simulates the type of habitat where birds nest in the wild. You might alternately heap branches into a large pile or create sites under your bushes by raking mulch around the base.[12]
- Consider supply nesting material such as string, hair, or other fibers, or stuff mesh bags with pieces of yarn or string, straw, pet fur, small bits of cloth, or anything else that a bird might use to nest.
- Don't remove dead trees unless they are a danger. Standing dead trees are important nesting and foraging spots for many species, especially woodpeckers, which eat the insects that infest dead trees.
EditMaking Your Yard More Inviting - Provide a water source. Birds are attracted to the sound of dripping or moving water. You can buy a birdbath or create a shallow pond with a fountain. Make sure it is close to the ground and not made of slippery material. If you are short on time or resources, hang a water-filled container with a hole on the bottom above a dish. Try not to place the water source near trees or bushes where cats might hide. Also, make sure the water is not more than 1 inch (2.5cm) deep.[13]
- Consider using a heated water source during the winter. For the sake of sanitation, find a bath that is easy to clean. Ensure that the water does not become stagnant or harbor algae.[14]
- Avoid pesticides. Pesticides are harmful to birds in more ways than one. First, they kill vital sources of food for some species. Second, the chemicals in the pesticides can be dangerous for birds to ingest. In order to attract birds to your property, use natural forms of insect control instead of chemicals on your lawn, trees, and shrubs.[15]
- Keep cats and other predators away. Cats, snakes, raccoons, and rats prey on songbirds or their eggs, killing millions every year. No matter how hospitable your yard may seem, having a cat prowling around will act as a disincentive. Keep your cat away from feeding, drinking, and nesting areas if you are seriously interested attracting birds. Hole restrictors, baffles, and tube entrances are good ways to secure birdhouses. Mounting the the house well above ground and using predator repellent are two added safeguards.[16]
- Keep your feeders, houses, and water sources clean.
- Don't be discouraged if birds don't immediately come to your sanctuary. Birds are often wary of changes in their environment and will take time to adjust to the new feeder or bath.
- If you don't have the motivation, time, or resources to create a bird sanctuary in your yard, you can always contribute to a "communal" bird sanctuary. Donate money and/or volunteer hours to conservation organizations such as The Nature Conservancy that buys tracts of land and saves them from development.
- Don't rake the leaves. Birds will forage for insects hiding under dead leaves in the spring.
- Avoid disturbing eggs or nest if you come across them.
- Never add antifreeze to a birdbath during winter. Antifreeze is highly toxic and will kill any bird, animal, or pet that drinks it, and can cause severe damage or death in humans as well. You can buy heaters designed to defrost ponds, fountains, or birdbaths. Floating a tennis ball in the water will also allow you to break and remove ice easily.
- Your nest boxes should not be too close together. Birds can be territorial and over-proximity can lead to conflicts.
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| How to File Back Taxes Posted: 14 May 2016 09:00 AM PDT Failing to file and pay taxes is a federal offense, punishable by a hefty fine and even time in prison. If you have skipped filing in the past, or owe money on taxes from previous years, you will want to get up-to-date as soon as possible. File back taxes by gathering the necessary information and paperwork, and forwarding your completed tax forms to the IRS. EditGathering the Necessary Documents - Understand the benefits of filing back taxes. There are many benefits to filing your back taxes as soon as possible, even if you are unable to pay amounts in full. The benefits always greatly outweigh the costs.[1]
- Early filing and payment helps to limit interest charges, as well as late fees and penalties.
- Any tax refunds will be lost if the return is not filed within three years of the return due date. This can lead to a substantial loss of money.
- In addition, tax refunds are held by the IRS if they see that one or more tax returns are past due.
- If you are self-employed, you will not receive credits to towards Social Security Retirement, or any disability benefits, since the IRS requires reported income to award these credits.
- Determine which years require a filing. Make a list of the tax years for which you have copies of filings, or receipts of payments or refunds. This will help you narrow down the list of years you still need to file.
- If you cannot determine which years you have filed taxes for and which years you have not, contact the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) directly and ask them.
- Visit the IRS website or call directly at 1-866-681-4271 and ask to speak to a representative.
- Look for old tax documents, such as W-2s, 1099s, or 1098s. You will need these documents to file. You can contact your old company for income information, but it's not a sure bet that they'll have the information on record.
- A W-2 form is a form you receive from your employer at the end of each year, that indicates your wage and salary information, as well as how much tax you paid.
- You will receive 1098 forms if you have paid tuition, or paid interest on student loans or other types of loans.
- You will receive 1099 forms for any other sources of income you have (for example, if you receive pension or dividend income).
- Contact the IRS at 1-866-681-4271 for any documents that you need but cannot otherwise locate. You can also use Form 4506-T — also known as Request for Transcript of Tax Return — which you can use to request relevant information on your W-2s, 1099s and 1098s.
- Form 4506-T is a useful tool if you need to receive previous information that you do not have access to. You can locate the form on the IRS website. Simply fill out the form and mail it to the address indicated.
- You will not receive duplicates of any W-2s, 1099s or 1098s, but you will receive information that's necessary for filing back taxes.
- Plan ahead. It takes time to gather the necessary documents. If you request information using Form 4506-T, the IRS may take 45 days to get that information to you.
- It also takes the IRS six weeks to process an accurately completed past-due tax return.[2] If you are hoping to quickly access a refund, then you will need to start planning early.
- Use the correct filing form. Once you have your available forms, filing your taxes involves inputting information from those forms onto something known as Form 1040, which is the main tax return form. Always use the correct form for the year you are filing. You can't use this year's form for taxes that you plan to file for a previous year's income.
- You can also get the filing forms online at the IRS website, from an IRS office, or from your tax preparer, if you use one.
EditFiling Your Back Taxes - Choose a method for preparing your taxes. Once you have gathered all the available information, there are two basic options to prepare and file your return. You can either do it yourself, or you can enlist the assistance of somebody else.
- If you have done taxes before, you can choose to manually complete the Form 1040 and mail it in, or more commonly, use commercial software (like TurboTax), or the IRS's e-filing system.
- If you lack the time, knowledge,or even desire to do your own taxes, simply bring all your tax documentation (like your W-2) to a tax professional and they will do all the work for you for a fee.
- Choose to do your own taxes. If you do opt to do your own taxes, the most common method is to do your taxes electronically. In fact, 80% of Americans do their taxes electronically. There are a few basic ways to do this.[3]
- One way is to use the IRS Free-File service. If your income is $60,000 or less, Free File provides free tax software to both prepare and file your returns. If your income was more (or if you choose), you can also use Free File's online fillable forms to prepare and file your taxes.
- Simply visit www.irs.gov/freefile for complete details.
- Both the software option and the fillable forms option simply involve following instructions, and inputting information when required.
- If your income is too high to qualify you for free file, you can purchase tax-filing software to help you prepare and file your return. Common programs include Turbotax, Taxslayer, H & R Block Deluxe, and TaxAct Deluxe. [4]
- Consider the benefits of using a tax professional. For filing back taxes, you should seriously consider hiring a tax professional. Since you are already late on filing, it would be in your best interest to file accurate returns the first time. This will help you avoid costly errors in your filing.
 - Employing a tax professional to prepare your back taxes may actually reduce the amount you're required to pay, as well as facilitate a more equitable resolution with the IRS. She may be able to negotiate with the IRS for reductions or eliminations of tax and penalty. If you want to stay on the safe side, enlist the help of a tax professional.
- A tax professional can include a storefront service like H&R Block, which is useful if your taxes are fairly simple. This person may have minimal training, however, so if your taxes are more complex, you may wish to look elsewhere.
- A certified public accountant (CPA) is a state-licensed accountant. Not all CPAs specialize in income taxes, so make sure you ask about his particular expertise before deciding to work with a CPA.
- A tax attorney is generally useful for very complex tax preparation and disputes, such as for a business or corporation.
- An enrolled agent (EA) has been licensed by the federal government and can advise, represent, and prepare your tax return. The EA is required to take continuing education, so she will be familiar with the most up to date tax law and information.[5] An EA differs from a CPA and other tax professionals in that she specializes in taxes and has unlimited representation rights before the IRS.[6]
- File your taxes with the IRS. If you are using Free File Fillable forms, free file software, or another form of software that you are paying for, these resources will e-file your return for you when you are done. If you are working with a tax professional, she can file the forms for you.
- If you chose to manually complete the tax forms, simply mail the completed forms to the IRS. If the IRS contacted you requesting back taxes, use the address that they provided in their correspondence to you. Otherwise, use the address you would normally use to file your taxes. It can be found in the instructions, or on the IRS website.
- You can e-file your taxes for free up to six months after the filing deadline.[7]
- Filing will also start the statute of limitations on what the IRS can audit and what they can collect. The IRS generally has three years to audit your income for any given tax year[8] and has ten years to collect taxes if you fail to file, possibly longer if fraud or tax evasion is alleged. Actually filing your back taxes will set this statute of limitations into motion, whereas failing to file will leave the statute in limbo, potentially never activating.
- File your state back taxes as well. If your state requires that you file annual taxes, get caught up. While the penalties for not filing state taxes may not be as severe as federal penalties, state taxes should not be neglected.
- Use any forms required by your specific state. Check with your state's Department of Revenue website or contact the Comptroller's office.
- Remember to file taxes using forms that were current for the year(s) you owe taxes. Tax documents change every year, and filing with the wrong documents could result in a misleading application.
EditWorking Out Payment Options - Understand the IRS's policy on late payment. If you end up owing money to the IRS and cannot pay it in full, you can request an additional 60-120 days from the IRS to pay your account in full.
- To do this, call 800-829-1040 and no user fee will be charged.
- If you are unable to pay in full within 60-120 days, you can request to work out a payment plan with the IRS to pay your balance in installments.
- Come up with a payment plan. If you owe money, you do not need to pay your full balance when you file.[9] You can request a payment plan after you have filed your back taxes. Your tax professional can help you devise a workable repayment plan.
- Payment plans are typically structured as monthly installment plans. If you owe $50,000 or less in combined taxes, penalties, and interest, you can get a monthly installment plan for 72 months simply by asking for it.[10]
- Those who owe over $50,000 combined and cannot pay off their debt in 6 years must consult with the IRS about an acceptable plan.[11]
- Send in a partial payment when you file, if you are planning to request a payment plan. Ask a tax professional or an IRS representative what is a reasonable amount to start.
- Apply to set up a repayment plan. In the last few years, the IRS has made it easier for taxpayers to request repayment plans. Depending on what you owe, you may not even need to talk to an IRS representative.[12]
- If you owe $50,000 or less in combined taxes, penalties, and interest, then you can set up a payment plan by visiting the Online Payment Agreement website: http://www.irs.gov/Individuals/Online-Payment-Agreement-Application. You will receive immediate notification if your application is successful.[13]
- If you owe over $50,000 combined, then you must complete hard copies of Form 9465 and Form 433-F and submit them to the IRS.[14] The return address will be on the form, and these forms are available on the IRS website.
- Pay as much of the principal as you can. Interest will add to your total each month and, unlike other tax penalties which stop when the maximum is reached, will continue until you have paid your debt in full. For this reason, it's in your best interest to pay off a large chunk of the debt as soon as you can.
- You may pay your taxes using a check or money order, electronic funds withdrawal, debit card, or credit card.[15] Payment by debit or credit card carries processing fees.[16]
- Negotiate a reduction in penalties and fees. Once you have filed your back taxes, you can talk to the IRS about reducing the fees and penalties they may have assessed. This is called an Offer in Compromise, which is available for individuals the IRS deems no longer able to pay their tax debts. Use the Offer in Compromise pre-qualifier to see if you qualify. [17]
- If you qualify, fill out the most recent Form 656-B and either Form 433-A or 433-B. These forms are detailed and require that you list your assets, such as cash and investments, the current market value of any property and vehicles that you own, as well as business investments.
- You also must list monthly expenses, including the amount spent on healthcare and health insurance, food, shelter, and utilities.[18]
- The IRS considers several factors in determining whether to reduce your debt: your income, expenses, ability to pay, and the value of your assets.[19]
- There is a $168 application fee.
- Stay current with your tax filings. In order to avoid additional penalties and fees, try not to fall behind on your tax filings again. Individuals are required to file before April 15 every year.
- You can file for a six month extension to file your return, but you cannot file for an extension to pay your taxes.
- Use a tax professional. Filing taxes can be confusing even when you give yourself enough time. If you have several years of unfiled returns, consider using a tax professional who can get you caught up and work with the IRS on your behalf to negotiate repayment plans or reductions in penalties.
- Not filing your taxes and not paying your taxes are two different things. The IRS assesses one fee for not filing, and another fee for not paying. Save yourself at least the cost of the first fee and always file your taxes, regardless of whether you intend to pay.
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| How to Play Middle C on the Piano Posted: 14 May 2016 01:00 AM PDT Middle-C or C4 is very important in understanding music theory and playing almost any instrument. But how can we find middle-C on the keyboard of a piano (or almost any kind of musical keyboard like E-Pianos and Synthesizers)? This article will guide you through. EditStandard Method - Look at the black colored keys of the keyboard. You'll find they're organized in groups of twos and threes. That is, two black keys with one white key in between them, then, going right, two adjacent white keys, then three black keys with one white key between each one and the next, then again, two adjacent white keys, and the pattern repeats again.
- Find the group of five black keys right in the middle of the keyboard (or at least, the group that is almost in the middle for smaller keyboards).
- The five keys must be ordered as two keys group then three keys group, not the other way around.
- Find the group of two black keys in the group you located in the previous step.
- Middle-C will be the white key immediately below (to the left of) the first black key of the two keys you found in the previous step.
EditCounting Method - Find out the number of keys you keyboard has in total (counting both black and white keys).
- Usually, manufacturers create keyboards with standard keys count starting at 88 keys (the grand piano has 88 keys), 76 keys, 61 keys, 49 keys, 24 keys and finally, sometimes even 12 keys
- According to the number of keys in your piano, count the following number of white keys going from the left-most side of the piano in the right direction:
- 88 Keys: 23 keys (Middle-C is the 24th white key)
- You can also find the group of five black keys easier as the fourth group of 5 black keys, then use the method above.
- 76 Keys: 19 keys (Middle-C is the 20th white key)
- The third group of 5 black keys (there usually is a group of three black keys at the left side at first, don't count those)
- 61 Keys: 14 keys (Middle-C is the 15th white key)
- The third group of five black keys.
- 49 Keys: 14 keys (Middle-C is the 15th white key)
- The third group of five black keys.
- 24 Keys, 25 Keys: 7 keys (Middle-C is the 8th white key)
- Second group of 5 black keys
- Other non standard sizes: use the standard method mentioned earlier in this article
- Look for the company's name on the piano. It should be right above the keys. Middle C should be right below the first letter of the company's name, or at least close to it.
- It is better to use the standard method. The counting method is just mentioned as a last resort alternative for those who just want to find Middle-C.
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