| How to Get Rid of Sunstroke Posted: 23 Aug 2016 05:00 PM PDT Sunstroke is a serious condition and should not be taken lightly. Sometimes called heat stroke, sunstroke happens if the body is exposed to hot temperatures for prolonged periods of time, causing one's temperature to rise to 105 degrees fahrenheit or higher.[1] If you are suffering from heatstroke alone or are assisting someone else, there are basic steps you can take. Your first goal is to lower the body's temperature slowly. If you can successfully do this early enough, your body will naturally recover. If you suffer from a heatstroke long enough, there are serious repercussions. If at all possible, get medical attention promptly. EditHelping Someone with Sunstroke - Call emergency services. Depending on the symptoms and the person, you may wish to call your primary care physician or 911. Pay close attention to symptoms. Prolonged heat stroke damages the brain, causing anxiety, confusion, seizures, headache, dizziness, lightheadedness, hallucinations, coordination problems, unconsciousness, and restlessness. [2] Sunstroke can also affect the heart, kidneys, and muscles.[3] It's better to be safe than sorry. Call emergency services if you observe any of the following symptoms:
- Signs of shock (ex. bluish lips and fingernails, confusion)
- Loss of consciousness
- A temperature over 102F (38.9C)
- Rapid breathing and/or pulse
- Weak heartbeat, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, and dark urine
- Seizures. If the person is having seizures, clear the area for the patient's safety. If you can, place a pillow under his head so it does not bang on the ground during the convulsions.[4]
- If milder symptoms persist for an extended time (longer than an hour), make the call.[5]
- Avoid medications. Our first instinct is to take medicine when we don't feel good. If you are suffering from sunstroke, certain medications will only make the situation worse. Don't use medications for fever like aspirin or acetaminophen. These can be harmful during a heatstroke because they may increase bleeding, which can be a very serious issue with blistered sunburns. Medications for a fever work well on someone with an infection, not on someone with heat stroke.[6]
- Don't give the person anything by mouth if he is vomiting or unconscious. Anything that enters the person's mouth could become a choking hazard.[7]
- Cool the person down. While you wait for emergency services, get the person to a shady, cool (preferably air-conditioned) area. Get the person into a cool bath, shower, stream, or pond if possible. Avoid very cold temperatures. The same goes for using ice, which may also mask the signs of a slow heartbeat and cardiac arrest.[8] Do not do this if the person is unconscious. You can put a cool, wet rag on the back of the neck, on the groin, and/or under the armpits. If you can, mist and fan the person to promote evaporative cooling.[9] Either mist the person with cool water or place a wet sheet over their body before fanning them; this will cause evaporative cooling, which is faster than simply wetting the person.
- Help the person remove any extra clothing (hat, shoes, socks) to aid in the cooling process.
- Do not rub the person's body with alcohol. This is an old wives' tale. Alcohol cools the body too quickly, which can result in a dangerous temperature fluctuation. Rub the person's body with cool water, never alcohol. [10]
- Replenish fluids and electrolytes. Have the person sip either Gatorade or salty water (1tsp salt per qt water) to counteract both dehydration and the loss of salts through sweating. Don't allow him to drink quickly, which can induce shock. If you don't have any salt or Gatorade, plain water will help also.[11]
- Alternatively, you can administer salt tablets. Doing so can help balance electrolytes. Follow the instructions on the bottle.[12]
- Have the person stay calm. When the patient stays calm, the patient can help.[13] Minimize agitation by breathing deeply. Focus on other things besides your sunstroke. Anxiety will only make your blood pump faster, raising your temperature a little more. Read How to Calm Yourself During an Anxiety Attack for more pointers.
- Massage the person's muscles. Massage gently. Your goal is to increase the circulation in the muscles.[14] Muscle cramps are one of the early symptoms of sunstroke. Usually the calf areas are most affected.[15]
- Lay the person down. One of the most prominent effects of sunstroke is fainting. Protect against fainting by laying the person down.
- If the person does faint, turn him onto his left side with his left leg bent for stabilization. This position is called the recovery position.[16] Check the person's mouth for vomit, so they do not choke.The left side is the best side for blood flow because our hearts are on that side.[17]
EditPreventing Sunstroke - Know who is at risk. The elderly, workers in hot environments, obese, diabetics, those with kidney, heart, or circulation problems, and babies are at high risk. Those that have inactive or inefficient sweat glands are particularly susceptible to sunstroke. Avoid activities that force your body to retain heat, especially when it is hot outside like exercising, over-bundling your baby, or being out in the heat for too long without water.
- Certain medications also put people at greater risk. These include beta blockers, diuretics, and some medicines used to treat depression, psychosis, or ADHD. [18]
- Pay attention to the weather. If the heat index is above 90 degree fahrenheit or close to it, be cautious. Avoid taking babies and elderly people out into the heat.
- Be aware of the heat island effect. The heat island effect happens when the rural areas are cooler than the city areas. Those in the crowded city usually have increased temperatures ranging from 1.8 - 5.4 degrees fahrenheit higher than in rural areas. At nighttime, the difference can be up to 22 degrees fahrenheit. It can happen in communities because of air pollution, greenhouse gases, water quality, air conditioning costs and energy consumption.[19]
- Wear light clothing appropriate for the weather.
- Stay out of direct sunlight. Take frequent breaks and find shady areas if working outside. Use sunscreen to avoid sunburn. Always wear a hat when out in the sun, especially if you are susceptible to sunstroke.
- One of the most unfortunate causes of sunstroke is sitting in a hot car. Do not sit in a hot car. And do not leave children alone in the car, even for a few minutes.
- If you decide to exercise, avoid the peak sun hours from 11:00am to 3:00 pm.[20]
- Drink water to stay hydrated. Watch your urine color, it should stay a light yellowish color.
- Don't drink caffeine. This will tell the body to become stimulated when what it needs to do is calm down. Though black coffee is 95% water, the effect of caffeine on the body is harmful when the person has signs of sunstroke. The heart will beat harder and faster.[21]
- Avoid alcoholic drinks outdoors on hot days. Alcohol can interfere with body temperature by constricting your blood vessels, making it harder for blood to flow to keep you warm.[22]
EditThings You'll Need - Cool, shady location
- Cold body of water / shower
- Cold compress / mister
- Wet sheet
- Fan
- Gatorade or salty water
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| How to Treat Tropical Fish with White Spot Disease (Ich) Posted: 23 Aug 2016 09:00 AM PDT White spot disease, also known as Ich, is a parasite that most tropical fish enthusiasts will, at one time or another, have to deal with. White spot disease is responsible for more fish deaths than any other disease. This disease is mostly found in aquarium fish due to close contact with other fish and stress involved in living in an aquarium as opposed to the open water. Ich can be found in both freshwater and saltwater tropical fish with different ways to treat each ecosystem and its inhabitants. EditUnderstanding How Ich Works - Distinguish white spot disease between freshwater fish and saltwater fish. The disease works in the same way for both freshwater and saltwater fish but have different life cycle durations and different cures. In both types of water, the protozoan parasite attaches itself to fish in order to carry out its life cycle. In the wild, ich is less of a problem as few parasites are ever able to find a host. When they do, the parasites eventually fall off of the fish and the fish is able to swim away and heals its wounds. However, in an enclosed tank, ich parasites can easily attach itself to fish, multiplying and infesting, which eventually leads to the decimation of an entire tankful of fish.
- In freshwater, ich is known as ichthyophthiriasis. [1]
- In saltwater, ich is known as cryptocaryon irritans and is often confused with other parasites that produce white spots. Saltwater ich can take longer than freshwater ich to replicate but only have 12 to 18 hours to find a host before they die as opposed to freshwater ich which can last up to 48 hours without a host.
- Understand that stress is a factor that affects the likelihood of ich. Since ich is fairly common, most fish have developed a good immunity against it. However, stress can suppress the immune system of a fish and that's when ich is most prevalent. Stress can be caused by:
- Incorrect water temperatures and bad water quality.
- Other tank inhabitants.
- New tank inhabitants.
- An improper diet.
- Shipping and handling of fish during transport
- Your own home environment, especially if your home is prone to loud noises, banging or shaking doors, or have a lot of traffic around the tank.
- Learn to identify symptoms of ich. Symptoms of ich can be seen on your fish as well as in the way your fish behaves. The most obvious sign of ich is the appearance of little white dots that resemble grains of salt which gave the disease its name.[2] The common signs and symptoms of ich are:
 - White spots on the body and gills of fish. The spots may even join together to form white patches. Sometimes, the ich is only found on the fish's gills.
- Excessive flashing. Your fish may excessively rub against plants or rocks in the tank in attempt to get rid of the parasites or because the disease is causing the fish irritation.
- Clamped fins. This means your fish constantly folds its fins against its body instead of letting them fan out and rest freely by its sides.[3]
- Laboured breathing. If your fish is gasping at the surface of the water or hovering near the tank's filter, it's probably suffering from a lack of oxygen. The ich on its gills makes it difficult for your fish to absorb oxygen from the water.
- Loss of appetite. If you fish is not eating or spitting back out its food, this may be a sign of stress and disease.
- Reclusive behaviour. Animals often hide when they're feeling ill and any change in normal behaviour is often a sign of stress or disease. Your fish might hide out in the decor or not be as active as usual.
- Treat your fish for ich when the parasite is most vulnerable. Ich can only be killed when it is not attached to the fish which is when the fully matured parasite drops off of the fish's skin in order to replicate itself into more ich-infecting units. Anytime the parasite is attached to the fish, it is protected from chemicals and treatment is not effective. There are several stages to the ich life cycle:
 - Trophont stage: This is when the ich parasite is visible on your fish. It burrows under your fish's mucus coating forming a cyst which protects it from chemicals so that any treatment becomes ineffective. In a typical tank with a temperature of 75 to 80ºF (24 to 27ºC), the trophont stage or feeding stage will last a few days before the fully developed cyst drops off the fish.
- Tomont or tomite stage: At this stage, treatment of ich is possible. The parasite or tomont will float for several hours in the water until it attaches itself on a plant or some other surface. Once attached, it begins to divide or replicate rapidly inside the cyst. In a few days, it will burst open and new organisms will start swimming out in search of a new host. Freshwater tomont can replicate as fast as 8 hours while saltwater tomont may take up to 3 to 28 days to replicate.
- Thermonts or swarmer stage: Freshwater swarmers must find a host or fish within a 48 hours or it will die while saltwater swarmers only have 12 to 18 hours. For this reason, one way to ensure a tank is clear of ich is to leave it uninhabited for a week or two.
- Observe the temperature of your tank. Higher temperatures speed up the life cycle the parasite. A tank with a higher temperature will take a couple of days for the cycle to complete while one with a lower temperature may take weeks to complete.
- Never increase the temperature of your tank drastically. This can stress your fish and some fish do not tolerate higher temperatures.
- Most tropical fish are can withstand temperatures as high as 86ºF (30ºC). Always consult your tropical fish expert or learn about your fish to find out what temperatures they can tolerate.
EditEasy Ich Treatments - Raise the temperature of the water to 86ºF (30ºC). Slowly increase the temperature by 2ºF (1ºC) per hour until it reaches the correct temperature. And maintain this temperature for at least 10 days. High temperatures speed up the life cycle of ich and can also prevent tomont from replicating.
- Make sure that the other fish in the tank can handle the higher temperatures beforehand.
- If your fish can handle temperatures higher than 86ºF (30ºC), raise the temperature to 89ºF (32ºC) for 3 to 4 days and then decrease it back to 86ºF (30ºC) for another 10 days.
- Be sure your tank has enough oxygen or aeration as water holds less oxygen at higher temperatures.
- At the same time, you can treat the water with salt or medicine everyday.
- Always be sure your fish can handle a rise in temperature. Observe how your fish react to a slowly heating tank or read up on how high of a temperature your fish can tolerate.
- Increase oxygen or aeration in the tank to improve your fish's immune system and quality of life. Since ich inhibits a fish's ability to breathe and absorb oxygen, increasing aeration can help boost your fish's immune system and also save it from suffocating to death. There are several ways to increase oxygen in your tank:
- Decrease the water level so that when your filtered water hits the surface, it creates more oxygen.
- Place more airstones in the tank or move them closer to the surface of the water.
- Use bubble disks to create bigger bubble streams.[4]
- Use powerheads to not only increase oxygen but also improve water movement in the tank.[5]
EditIntermediate Ich Treatments - Use aquarium salt to treat ich in freshwater aquariums. Dissolve 1 teaspoon per 1 gallon (4 L) of water in a small amount of tank water separately and then add the mixture to the tank. Leave the salt in the freshwater aquarium for 10 days. Salt disrupts the fluid regulation of ich and also helps develop your fish's natural mucous or slime coats to protect it from ich parasites. Combine salt with heat to further effectively kill off ich.
- Use aquarium salt that is specifically design for fish and not table salt which is not iodine-free.
- Never use medication along with salt and heat as the salt and medication can react and restrict oxygen within the tank.
- Change 25% of the tank water every few days and only add the correct amount of salt to water taken out. However, if the treatment is over, do partial water changes but don't add anymore salt.
- Do 25% daily partial water changes. Partially changing the water everyday can help remove some trophonts and tomites from the tank and also add oxygen to the water. Be sure to use treated water so the extra chlorine won't stress your fish or agitate your fish's wounds.
- If water changes stress your fish, decrease the amount of water or frequency that you change.
EditDifficult Ich Treatments - Use medicine products to treat your tank. There are many products available at your local pet store that can help treat ich. Always follow the instructions labelled on the medication for the correct dosage amounts and if it's safe to use on your type of fish, especially if you have invertebrate fish such as snails, shrimp, and clams.
- Always perform a water change and vacuum your gravel before you administer the medicine. Medicine is more effective in a clean tank without other dissolved organics or nitrates to get in the way.
- Always remove the carbon from your filter as the carbon can neutralize or entrap medicines added to the tank.
- Use copper to treat saltwater fish with ich. Since saltwater ich lasts much longer in their tomite phase, copper is often added to the tank for 14 to 25 days and works similarly as salt to destroy ich. However, using copper requires you to put in the exact and correct dosage and diligently check copper levels in your tank daily with a copper ion test kit.[6]
- Always follow the instructions on the product.
- Remove the carbon from your filter as the carbon can neutralize or entrap medicines added to the tank.
- Copper combines with calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate based rocks, sand, and gravel so be sure to only use copper in a bare tank.
- Copper is highly toxic for invertebrates, reefs, and plants. Separate invertebrates, reefs, and plants and treat them with other safe methods.
- Use stronger chemicals to treat saltwater ich. These methods can be dubbed as dangerous alternatives to treating ich. Some even damage your fish and must be constantly monitored so levels don't reach to a point where your fish might die from the chemical. Always read the label of these chemical medicines and wear protective clothes like gloves and goggles when handling them. Some treatments are:
- Malachite green: Similar to chemotherapy in humans, malachite green works to damage all cell's ability to produce energy which is vital for metabolic processes. This chemical doesn't differentiate from a fish's cell to the cell of an ich parasite.
- Formalin: Formalin kills microorganisms by reacting with a cell's proteins and nucleic acids which alter the cell's function and structure and often used to preserve biological specimens. It can damage your filter system, deplete oxygen levels and kill invertebrates or weaker fish.
EditPreventing Ich - Never buy fish from a tank where any fish displays symptoms of white spot disease. Before purchasing your tank inhabitants, it's always best to observe every fish in the store for signs of disease. Even if the fish you want doesn't seem to show signs of ich, it is still exposed to and may carry on ich into your aquarium at home.
- Some fish have very good immune systems and may just act as carriers to the disease. By introducing a carrier to ich, you are exposing your resident or current tank inhabitants to ich who may or may not have similarly strong immune systems as your new fish.
- Quarantine any new fish for 14 to 21 days. Set up a separate smaller tank so you can observe your new fish for signs of disease. If there are any diseases present, treatment will be much easier but always do the full treatment dosage amounts. Don't think that a small tanks means you only need to do a reduced amount of treatment.
- When you add new fish to a quarantine tank or any tank, never add the water it was previously in into your aquarium. This reduces the likelihood of transferring tomites into your tank.
- Use separate nets for separate tanks. This prevents the introduction of diseases to other tanks. Similarly, use different sponges and other cleaning tools for each tank.
- If you can't afford multiple nets, sponges, and cleaning tools, allow for each item to completely dry before using it on another tank. Ich cannot survive in a dry environment.
- Buy plants only from tanks without fish. Plants in tanks with fish carry more diseases than those grown and sold separately. Alternatively, you can quarantine tanks for 10 days without fish and treat them with ich treatments to be sure that it isn't infected.
- Change or get rid of sand, gravel, rocks, and other decor from your tank when treating ich. Ich tends to like to stick to surfaces in order to replicate itself. Wash and dry these items to kill any signs of ich.
- Once medication or salt treatment is finished and all signs of ich are gone, change your water slowly until you're sure the medication is gone. Prolonged exposure to chemicals can be stressful and harmful to your fish.
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| How to Say Hello in Japanese Posted: 23 Aug 2016 01:00 AM PDT The standard way of saying "hello" in Japanese is "konnichiwa," but there are actually several Japanese phrases used to greet someone. Here are a few of the most helpful to know along with information about when to use them. EditStandard hello - Say "konnichiwa" in most settings.[1] This is a fairly all-purpose greeting, and if you only memorize one version of "hello," this should be it.
- You can use this greeting for anyone, regardless of social status.
- While there are separate greetings used during most periods of the day, this greeting also doubles as "good afternoon."
- The kanji for this greeting is 今日は. The hiragana is こんにちは.
- Pronounce this greeting as kohn-nee-chee-wah.
- Answer the phone with "moshi moshi."[2] This is the standard "hello" to use over the phone.
- Use this greeting whether you are the caller or the person being called. Moshi moshi is much more appropriate to use for phone conversations than konnichiwa.
- Do not use moshi moshi in person.
- The hiragana for this greeting is written as もしもし.
- Pronounce moshi moshi as mohsh mohsh.
EditInformal greetings - Use "ossu" between close male friends.[3] This is a very informal greeting used between close male friends or close male relatives around the same age.
- This phrase is not usually used between female friends or between friends with opposite genders.
- Ossu is somewhat similar to saying "hey, man!" or "hey, dude!" in English.
- The hiragana for this phrase is written as おっす.
- Pronounce this greeting as ohss.
- In Osaka, "yaho" is an additional way of saying hello among friends.
- It is usually written in katakana, because it is expressive. (ヤーホー）
- It is pronounced yah-hoh.
- Yaho is also used as a way to say hi among young people, especially girls.
- Ask "saikin dō?" The English equivalent of this Japanese question would be along the lines of "what's up?" or "what's new?"
- Like most other informal greetings, you should only pose this question to someone you are on familiar terms with, like a friend, sibling, or—on occasion—a classmate or coworker.
- The kanji for this question is 最近どう?. The hiragana is さいきん どう?.
- A rough pronunciation of this question is sigh-kin doh.
- Greet someone you have not seen recently with "hisashiburi." In English, this greeting would be something like "long time, no see" or "it's been a while."
- You would usually use this greeting upon meeting a friend or close family member you have not seen in several weeks, months, or years.
- The kanji for this greeting is 久しぶり. The hiragana is ひさしぶり.
- To make this greeting more formal, say "o hisashiburi desu ne." The kanji for this long form is お久しぶりですね. The hiragana is おひさしぶりですね.
- Pronounce the full statement as oh hee-sah-shee-boo-ree deh-soo neh.
EditEtiquette when you bow Bowing is often a used to not only when you meet someone, but it is also a sign of respect. This can be initiated be either party (though often the greeter). - Understand that the bow is equivalent to a respectful handshake. The most important thing to remember is when you are returning a bow.
- When you receive a bow, bow back. You should bow at least as low as, though preferably slightly lower than the one who bowed first. Bowing lower is a sign of respect, so try to bow lower than the person giving the bow if they are of higher social status than you, or if you don't know that person.
- Greeting bows are generally 15 degrees for people you are familiar with and 30 degrees for people you just met or are of higher social standing. 45 degree bows are usually not used for greetings, unless you're meeting the emperor or Prime Minister.
- If you're bowing in greeting to a good friend, you can simply nod your head to bow. This is the most casual of bows.
- Bow with your arms at the side, eyes facing the same direction as your head. Make sure to bow from the waist. Bowing with just your head or shoulders is very casual and can be seen as rude.
EditTime-specific greetings - Switch to "ohayō gozaimasu" in the morning. When greeting someone before lunch, this is the standard way to say "hello."
- Time-specific greetings are more significant in Japan than in the United States. While you can technically say "konnichiwa" in the morning, greeting someone with "ohayō gozaimasu" is much more common.
- The kanji for this greeting is お早うございます. The hiragana is おはようございます.
- You could also shorten your morning greeting to "ohayō" when speaking to friends and others with whom you are on familiar terms. The kanji for ohayō is お早う and the hiragana is おはよう.
- Pronounce this greeting as oh-hah-yoh goh-za-ee-muss.
- Use "konbanwa" in the evening. After dinner, you would begin greeting others with this phrase rather than "konnichiwa."
- As with other time-specific greetings, konbanwa is the standard greeting to use during the evening. You could use konnichiwa, but the latter is far less standard.
- The kanji for this phrase is 今晩は. The hiragana is こんばんは.
- Pronounce konbanwa as kohn-bahn-wah.
- Try "oyasumi nasai" to say good-bye at night.
- Note that oyasumi nasai is more often used in parting as a way of saying "good night" late at night rather than "hello." You might get some strange looks if you use this when you meet someone, even if it's really late in the night.
- When you are among friends, classmates, close family members, or anyone else with whom you can speak to familiarly, this phrase can also be shortened to oyasumi.
- The hiragana for oyasumi is おやすみ. For the entire phrase, oyasumi nasai, the hiragana is おやすみなさい.
- This greeting is roughly pronounced as oh-yah-soo-mee nah-sigh.
- When in doubt, 30 degrees is a safe angle to bow at for almost everyone.
- If you want to sound more natural, don't forget to use the time specific greetings. Using konnichiwa in the morning or evening might be seen as a little strange.
- Note that these are standard greetings that can be used throughout all of Japan and with all speakers of Japanese. There are, however, special greetings that are only used within certain dialects of Japan. If you want to impress someone who speaks a certain dialect of Japanese, you can use either the standard greetings provided or look for a dialect-specific greeting.[4]
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