| How to Annotate a Book Posted: 17 Sep 2017 05:00 PM PDT Annotating a book is a great way to make notes on the text. It also allows you to do a deep read of the book, where you jot down your thoughts or impressions of the text. You may need to annotate a book for a class or decide to try it to deepen your reading experience. Start by selecting your annotation tool. Then, annotate the book by focusing on keywords, phrases, ideas, and questions so your notes are clear and easy to review later. EditSelecting Your Annotation Tool - Annotate with a highlighter and a pen or pencil. One of the easiest ways to annotate a book is to use a highlighter and pen or pencil directly on the text. Choose a highlighter in a shade that is easy for you to read on the page, such as a light blue or orange color. The standard yellow highlighter shade would also work too. Go for a pen in a dark color so it's easy to read.[1]
- Try to stick to one highlighter color for the annotation so you do not end up with highlighted pages that are hard to re read.
- Choose the highlighter and pen or pencil option if it's okay for you to mark up the text.
- Use sticky notes or tabs if you can't mark up the book. Sticky notes or sticky tabs are a good option if you'd prefer not to mark up the book's pages. Get colored sticky notes or tabs to mark pages or passages as part of your annotations.[2]
- Look for sticky notes and tabs in different colors. You can then use the different colored notes or tabs to annotate the book.
- Try an electronic annotation program. If you are annotating a book on an eReader, there are several different annotation programs you can download. Programs like Skim and Marvin make it easy for you to annotate a text on your eReader.[3]
- You can download electronic annotation programs in the Apps store on your eReader.
EditAnnotating Keywords, Phrases, and Sections - Remove distractions. Go to a quiet, isolated spot at school, like the library or a study hall. If you are at home, close the door of your room and let others around you know you are not to be disturbed.
- Read the book slowly and carefully. To annotate a book properly, you need to take your time and read the book slowly. Pay attention to each word in the text. Pause and think about a passage in the text before moving on. Moving slowly through the text will ensure you do not miss anything and that you annotate the text well.[4]
- Underline key phrases. Start by underlining any phrases that feel important to you. Often, key phrases appear at the end of a sentence. They may also appear after a colon or a comma. Look for phrases that appear several times in the text, as they are likely important.[5]
- Try to only underline phrases that seem very important in the text. You do not want to end up with pages of underlined phrases, as it will be difficult for you to determine which ones are actually important.
- You can also underline phrases you like or find interesting. If a sentence strikes you or stands out to you, underline it so you can return to it later.
- Circle or box key words. Look for words that seem important to the author. You may circle words that connect back to the main idea in a section. Or you may draw a box around words that are repeated several times in the book.[6]
- For example, if you notice the word "power" appears several times in the text, circle or box it as an annotation.
- The author may tell you to keep certain words in mind as you read the text. Make sure you circle or box these words as part of your annotations.
- Bracket key sections. If you feel several lines in a section are important, use brackets to indicate this in the text. Try to choose only several lines or short sections of the text to bracket. Bracketing long sections can make it hard for you to return to the annotation later and get a clear sense of why you noted the section.[7]
- For example, if there is a section that focuses on a particular case study in the text you find interesting or important, use a bracket in the margins to annotate it.
- Make a list of words you don't recognize. Keep a running list of words that you do not know or are not familiar with. Write them down on a separate piece of paper or at the end of the text. Then, look up the terms so you know what they mean. Consider the meaning of the term in the context of where it appears in the book.[8]
- Keep a dictionary handy so you can look up terms you do not recognize quickly and easily.
EditMaking Note of Key Ideas and Questions - Reflect on the book in the margins. Have a conversation with the text by writing down your thoughts and reflections in the margins as you read. You may write one or two words to mark your thoughts. You can also jot down short phrases in the margins as they come.[9]
- As you read, ask yourself questions like, "What is the author trying to tell me as the reader?" "Why is this passage in the text?" "How do I respond emotionally to the text?"
- Make a list of questions you have about the book. As you read, write down any questions you have about the text. Jot them down in the margins or at the bottom of the page. Ask questions about words or phrases that confuse you. Pose questions about ideas that you find hard to follow or do not agree with.[10]
- For example, you may ask questions like, "Why did the author include this example in the book?" "What is the goal of the author in this passage?" "What is the author trying to say here?"
- To make the questions short so they can fit into the margins, you may simply put a question mark next to passages you do not understand. Or you may write the questions like, "Goal of the author?" "What is being said?" to keep them short.
- You can also keep the questions in a separate notebook or piece of paper so you do not clutter up the margins of the book.
- Link ideas together with arrows. Use arrows or lines to connect ideas and themes together in the text. You may circle key words on the same page and then link them together with arrows. Or you could highlight a passage and draw an arrow to another passage further down the page.[11]
- Linking ideas together will help you think critically about the text. It will also deepen your annotations and notes on the text.
- Summarize each section at the bottom of the page. Once you have completed a section of the book, try to condense the main thoughts and ideas in the section with a few key words. Write these key words at the bottom of the page so you can return to them later.[12]
- For example, you may summarize a passage in the book with key words like "power," "female sexuality," and "Freud case study."
- You can keep your summaries in a separate notebook or piece of paper so the margins do not become cluttered with your notes.
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| How to Treat Diarrhea in Cockatiels Posted: 17 Sep 2017 09:00 AM PDT If your cockatiel is sick, it's important to spot the sickness right away. In the case of diarrhea, this can be hard to spot in birds. Their droppings are naturally runny, as they contain both feces and urine together, so gauging when it is unhealthy can be hard. However, by assessing their droppings on a regular basis, looking for other signs of illness, and getting them proper veterinary care, you can quickly and effectively treat diarrhea and its underlying causes in cockatiels.[1] EditSpotting the Signs of Diarrhea - Look for signs of diarrhea at the bottom of your bird's cage. If you have had a bird for awhile, you should know what its feces usually looks like on the bottom of its cage. If the consistency changes and becomes more liquid, then your bird probably has diarrhea.[2]
- A cockatiel's droppings are typically a combination of clear liquid, the bird's urine, white urates, which are byproducts of the kidneys, and light colored feces. The color of the feces will be different depending on what the bird eats.[3]
- You need to differentiate between the urine and the feces in your bird's droppings. If the droppings have no solid feces in them, then your bird is may have diarrhea.[4]
- You should be changing the paper at the bottom of your bird's cage at least once a week, so take that time to notice what its droppings usually look like. Understanding what healthy droppings look like can help you to figure out when your bird is sick.
- Identify behavioral signs of illness. Cockatiels can be very good at hiding the signs of illness. However, you may be able to spot the signs if you know what to look for. Look for changes in their behavior, such as:[5]
- Not preening their feathers.
- Lethargy.
- Lack of usual vocalizations.
- A reluctance to eat.
- General uneasiness.
- Looking for related signs of illness. Diarrhea is typically a symptom of a specific disease, such as salmonella. If your cockatiel has diarrhea, then you should look for other signs of physical illness as well. This can help you assess whether your bird is sick. Some signs of illness to look out for include:[6]
- Vomiting.
- Regurgitation.
- Discharge from the nostrils or eyes.
- Ruffled and unkempt feathers.
- Blood in the stool, which appears black.
- Look for possible causes for illness in your environment. In some cases, cockatiels can get into things that they shouldn't when they are allowed out of their cages. If you have let your cockatiel explore your home unsupervised, look for areas that are disturbed and assess whether any items in that area could be harmful to your bird. Some possible hazards and toxins include:[7]
- Toxic foods, such as chocolate, caffeinated drinks, and alcohol.
- Human medications.
- Toxic metals, such as lead or zinc.
- Pest control products, such as rat poison.
- Toxic plants, such as lily, poinsettia, elephant ear, and others.
EditGetting Veterinary Care for Your Cockatiel - Have signs of illness assessed by a veterinarian. If you have spotted physical or behavioral signs of illness in your bird, then you should have it looked at by a veterinarian. A veterinarian will be able to assess the bird's overall health and diagnose any specific problems through a variety of medical tests.
- Tests commonly used on cockatiels include blood analysis and X-rays.[8]
- Common causes of diarrhea that your veterinarian will be looking for include: bacterial infections, viral infections, fungal infections, toxins, changes in diet, and blockages in the intestinal tract.[9]
- Follow your veterinarian's suggestions for treatment. Depending on your bird's underlying illness, your veterinarian may suggest a variety of treatment options. These may include changes to its diet, giving it medication, or changes to its lifestyle or environment.[10]
- For a serious bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, you veterinarian is likely to prescribe medication to give to your bird. This is typically an antibiotic or anti-fungal medication.
- Your veterinarian may also suggest temporary or long-term changes to your cockatiel's diet. This can include changing the seed you feed the bird or eliminating fruits and vegetables temporarily in order to firm up your bird's droppings.
- In cases of a severe intestinal blockage, the veterinarian may suggest surgery to remove the obstruction.
- Continue to assess your cockatiel's condition. As you are treating your bird at home, you should continue to assess its condition. Don't assume that your veterinarian's treatment suggestions will automatically clear up your bird's illness. Watch for continued diarrhea and other related symptoms and talk to the veterinarian if the symptoms continue or get worse.[11]
- If your cockatiel's condition does not improve with treatment, don't hesitate to take your bird back to its veterinarian. It is important for its health to get any illness treated effectively.
EditPreventing Diarrhea - Get regular veterinary care for your cockatiel. Even if your cockatiel is not showing any signs of illness, it should be looked at by a veterinarian regularly. Preventative care can catch illnesses that are hard to spot, such as diarrhea-causing illnesses, and can extend the life of your pet.[12]
- One way veterinarians can help your bird is by identifying and eliminating parasitic infections, which is a common cause of diarrhea.[13]
- Make diet changes gradually. Abrupt diet changes are a common cause of diarrhea in cockatiels, as they throw off the bird's digestion. If you need to change your bird's diet, make the change gradually.[14]
- Add a little bit of the new food to whatever you have been feeding the bird previously. Over the course of several weeks, increase the amount of new food you are giving the bird until eventually it is eating only the new food.
- Keep your bird's cage clean. Diarrhea can be a symptom of a variety of diseases, so limiting your cockatiel's exposure to disease will help with its prevention. The most important way to keep your bird disease free is to keep its cage clean.
- You should do a quick daily cleaning of your bird's cage, which should include cleaning your bird's food and water dishes and replacing the contents. You should also replace the paper at the bottom of your bird's cage daily.
- On a regular basis you should do a thorough cleaning of your bird's cage. You will need to remove the bird and all items inside. Clean each item your bird uses and sanitize the entire cage.
- Quarantine new birds. In order to prevent the spread of disease, you should keep new birds separated from your existing birds when you first bring them home. Making sure that new birds don't have diseases that can spread to your existing birds is key to keeping your birds diarrhea free.
- New birds should be kept in a separate room from existing birds for 30 days. You should also be sure to keep care items, such as food dishes and cleaning tools, completely separate during this time.[15]
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| How to Increase Ferritin Levels Posted: 17 Sep 2017 01:00 AM PDT Ferritin is a type of protein in your body that helps you store iron in your tissue. Your ferritin levels may drop if you have an iron deficiency or poor nutrition. In addition, there are a variety of medical conditions and chronic diseases that could cause low ferritin levels. While low ferritin levels can cause serious health problems, in most cases it should be relatively easy for you to increase them. By determining any outstanding health problems, taking supplements, and altering your diet, you should be able to increase the ferritin levels in your blood. EditDetermining the Cause of Low Ferritin - Talk to a medical professional. Before you take any action to increase your ferritin levels, you should consult your doctor. Your doctor will ask you about your personal and family medical history. Your doctor will ask also you about whether you are experiencing any symptoms that could be associated with low ferritin levels. Some symptoms include:[1]
- Fatigue
- Headache
- Irritability
- Hair loss
- Shortness of breath
- Brittle fingernails
- Test your iron levels in your blood. Since ferritin is iron that has been absorbed in your tissue, the first place your doctor will start is by checking how much iron is in your blood. This will give them a sense of whether you're not consuming enough iron or may have a condition that inhibits absorption of iron into your blood.[2]
- Check your ferritin levels. Your doctor will also test your ferritin levels. If you don't have enough iron in your blood, your body may draw it out of your tissue, reducing your ferritin levels. As a result, ferritin level tests and iron level tests are often run together.[3]
- Your target ferritin levels in your blood should be 30 to 40 ng/Ml. If your ferritin is lower than 10 ng/Ml, you should take steps to increase your ferritin.
- Submit to an iron binding capacity test. This test will measure the maximum amount of iron your blood can store. This will give your doctor an idea of whether your liver and other organs are functioning properly. If they're not, then your low ferritin or low iron levels could be related to a larger problem.[4]
- Determine if you have any serious medical conditions. After talking with you and running blood tests, your doctor will determine when you have medical conditions that have either caused low ferritin levels or may affect your ability to raise them. Conditions that could impact your ferritin levels or treatment include:
- Anemia
- Cancer
- Kidney disease
- Hepatitis
- Gastric ulcers
- Enzyme disorders[5]
EditTaking Supplements - Take oral iron supplements. Purchase iron supplements at your local grocery store or pharmacy. Follow the directions on the product or your physician's instructions. Typically, oral iron supplements will take several weeks to raise iron and ferritin levels. However, if you have a condition like anemia that affects your ability to absorb or process iron, pills may not work.
- Iron supplements may have a variety of side effects such as backache, chills, dizziness, headache, and nausea.[6]
- Because vitamin C enhances iron absorption in the blood, you should take your iron supplement with a glass of orange juice.[7]
- Avoid taking your iron supplement with milk, caffeine, antacids, or calcium supplements, which can reduce the iron absorption.[8]
- Inject parenteral iron. If you have a condition such as ongoing blood loss, malabsorption, or gastric bypass surgery, that makes it hard for your body to absorb iron, you doctor may suggest iron injections or infusions. In this case, iron will be injected directly into your bloodstream, bypassing your digestive system.[9]
- Injections or infusions will only be used if other attempts to supplement iron and ferritin levels have failed.
- Parenteral iron injections may have side effects similar to oral supplements.
- Rely on prescription supplements and medications. There are a variety of medications specifically geared increasing iron and ferritin levels in the human body. If you have an outstanding condition that inhibits your ability to absorb and store iron, your doctor may prescribe one. Some medications include:
- Ferrous sulfate
- Ferrous gluconate
- Ferrous fumarate
- Carbonyl iron
- Iron dextran complex[10]
EditAltering Your Diet - Eat more meat. Meat, specifically red meat, is perhaps the best source of iron you can eat. This is not only because meat is iron rich, but because your body can more easily absorb iron from meat. As a result, by increasing your consumption of meat, you'll also increase your iron and ferritin levels. The best meat products to increase your iron levels include:
- Beef
- Lamb
- Liver
- Shrimp
- Eggs[11]
- Consume plant products that have iron. Next to meat, there are a variety of plant products that are rich in iron. Consuming these plant products will help you to increase the ferritin levels in your blood. Remember, though, on average, you'll need to consume double the amount of plant products to get the same iron you could from meat. Iron rich plant products include:
- Rice
- Wheat
- Oats
- Nuts
- Beans[12]
- Avoid foods and minerals that make it hard for your body to absorb iron. Certain foods and minerals make it more difficult for your body to digest and absorb iron. As a result, you should limit your consumption of certain foods and minerals, including:
- Red wine
- Coffee
- Black and green tea
- Non-fermented soy[13]
- Milk
- Calcium
- Magnesium
- Zinc
- Copper[14]
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