| How to Become a Buddhist Posted: 09 Apr 2016 05:00 PM PDT Buddhism is an ancient religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama that teaches concepts such as the Four Noble Truths, karma, and the cycle of rebirth.[1] Buddhism is still a popular religion nowadays, with millions of people all over the world who practice it. The first step to becoming a Buddhist is understanding basic Buddhist beliefs; this will help you decide if Buddhism is the religion for you. Then, you can practice Buddhism and take part in centuries-old traditions. EditUnderstanding Basic Buddhist Concepts - Learn basic Buddhist terminology. This will make it much easier to understand everything you will read, since many Buddhist terms can be very unfamiliar, especially to Westerners. The basic terms of Buddhism include but are not limited to:
- Arhat: a being who has attained nirvana.
- Bodhisattva: a being who is on the way to enlightenment.
- Buddha: an awakened being who has achieved perfect enlightenment.[2]
- Dharma: a complicated term that usually refers to the teachings of the Buddha.
- Nirvana: spiritual bliss. Nirvana is the ultimate goal of Buddhism.
- Sangha: the Buddhist community.
- Sutra: a sacred Buddhist text.
- Venerable: an ordained monk or nun, usually seen wearing orange robes.
- Familiarize yourself with different Buddhist schools. The two most popular Buddhist schools today are Theravada and Mahayana.[3] Though these two schools have the same basic beliefs, there are differences in the teachings they focus on: Mahayana focuses heavily on becoming a bodhisattva, Theravada focuses on practicing the dharma, and so on.[4]
- There are many other schools of Buddhism, such as Zen Buddhism, Pure Land Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism.
- No matter which school interests you, the basic teachings of Buddhism are the same.
- Because Buddhism is such an ancient religion, there are many intricate differences between all the schools that cannot be covered in detail here; spend time researching Buddhism to find out more.
- Read about the life of Siddhartha Gautama. There are many books talking about the founder of Buddhism, and a simple online search will reveal many articles about his life as well. Siddhartha Gautama was a prince who left his palace and lavish lifestyle to seek enlightenment. Though he is not the only Buddha in existence, he is the historical founder of Buddhism.
- Learn about the Four Noble Truths. One of the most foundational concepts of Buddhism is summarized a teaching called the Four Noble Truths: the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering.[5] In other words, suffering exists, it has a cause and an end, and there is a way to bring about the end of suffering.
- The Four Noble Truths are not negative; they are actually meant to reduce suffering through contemplating them.
- The Four Noble Truths emphasize that pursuing pleasure is not important.
- If you find yourself confused by the Four Noble Truths, don't feel alone; it takes many people years to fully grasp this teaching.
- Learn about reincarnation and nirvana. Buddhists believe beings live multiple lives. Once a being dies, they are born into a new life, and this cycle of living and dying will only cease once nirvana is attained.[6] A being can be reborn into the human, heavenly, animal, hell, asura, or hungry ghost realms.[7]
- Understand karma. Karma is closely intertwined with reincarnation and nirvana because karma determines where and when a being will be reborn. Karma consists of the good or bad actions of previous lifetimes and this lifetime. Bad or good karma may affect a being right away, thousands of years from now, or in five lifetimes, depending on when the effects are meant to occur.
- Negative karma results from bad actions or thoughts, like killing, stealing, or lying.
- Positive karma results from good actions or thoughts, such as generosity, kindness, and spreading Buddhist teachings.
- Neutral karma results from actions that have no real effect, such as breathing or sleeping.
EditTaking Refuge - Find a temple you feel comfortable joining. Many major cities have a Buddhist temple, but each temple will stem from a different school (such as Theravada or Zen), and each will certainly offer different services, classes, and activities. The best way to learn about temples near you is to visit them and talk to a Venerable or lay devotee.
- Ask about what services and activities the temple offers.
- Explore the different shrines.
- Attend a few services and see if you like the atmosphere.
- Become a part of the community. Like most religions, Buddhism has a strong sense of community, and the devotees and monks are welcoming and informative. Begin attending classes and making friends at your temple.
- Many Buddhist communities will travel together to different Buddhist temples across the world. This is a fun way to get involved.
- If at first you feel shy or nervous, this is perfectly normal.
- Buddhism is the most popular religion in many countries like Japan, Thailand, Myanmar, Nepal, Korea, Sri Lanka, China etc.
- Inquire about taking refuge in the Triple Gem. The Triple Gem consists of the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha.[8] When you take refuge in the Triple Gem, you will likely undergo a ceremony in which you vow to uphold the Five Precepts, which are to not kill, not steal, not commit sexual misconduct, refrain from false speech, and not consume intoxicants.
- The specific aspects of the ceremony will vary from temple to temple.
- Do not feel obligated to take the Three Refuges, since upholding Buddhist morality is the most important part of this religion.
- If you cannot take the Three Refuges because of cultural reasons, or if you cannot find a temple near you, you can still uphold the Five Precepts.
- Once you take refuge in Buddhism, you are officially a Buddhist.
EditPracticing Buddhism in Daily Life - Keep connected to the Buddhist community. Attending classes at the temple where you took refuge is a great way to stay connected to the Buddhist community. Most temples offer lessons in yoga, meditation, or various sutra lessons. Spend time with friends and family members who are Buddhist, too.
- Study Buddhism regularly. Many translated sutras are available online, your temple might have a library, or you can buy sutras. There are also many different Venerable monks and lay Buddhists who have written explanations of Buddhist sutras. Some of the most popular Buddhist sutras are: The Diamond Sutra, The Heart Sutra, and The Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra.
- Teach others what you have learned about Buddhism once you think you've mastered a concept.
- There are hundreds of Buddhist concepts and teachings to study, but try not to feel overwhelmed or pressured to "get it" right away.
- Attend classes taught by a Venerable or lay devotee at your temple.
- Uphold the Five Precepts. When you took refuge in the Triple Gem, you vowed to uphold the Five Precepts, but this can be difficult at times. Do your best to not kill any living creature, be honest, not consume intoxicants, do not steal, and do not commit sexual misconduct. If you break the precepts, simply repent, and do your best to keep upholding them.
- Practice the Middle Way.[9] This is an important part of Buddhism which requires Buddhists to lead a balanced life that is not too lavish or too stringent. The Middle Way is also known as the "Noble Eightfold Path," which teaches Buddhists to abide by eight elements. Spend time studying all eight:
- Right view
- Right intention
- Right speech
- Right action
- Right livelihood
- Right effort
- Right mindfulness
- Right concentration
- Helping others is an essential part of Buddhism
- Spend a lot of time learning about Buddhism before taking refuge in the Triple Gem.
- Buddhism has many complicated philosophical texts; do not feel frustrated if they confuse you.
- Listen to Buddhist preaches on YouTube.
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| How to Color Damaged Hair Posted: 09 Apr 2016 09:00 AM PDT Chemicals and high temperatures can cause serious hair damage. Dying your hair exposes it to additional harsh chemicals, making it a risky process for already damaged hair. There are precautions you can take for a successful dye, but these will only reduce damage, not prevent it completely. Follow instructions carefully, and wait as long as you can between dying. - Trim damaged ends. If you have split ends or other damage at the ends of your hair, trim away as much as you can. Split ends won't repair themselves, and damaging them further may spread the damage.
- Wait at least two weeks between coloring. After multiple dying sessions or chemical damage, your hair may not accept color anymore. Give your hair a break for at least two weeks, to allow it to develop natural oils. These keep your hair healthy, and allow the dye to stick.
- During this time, wear your hair up or put on a hat to protect your hair from exposure.
- Two weeks is the absolute minimum to avoid severe damage. The longer you wait, the better off your hair will be.
- Visit a professional to color bleach-damaged hair. If your hair has already been bleached or lightened, visiting a salon is highly recommended. Damaged hair of this kind has many possible complications that require expert attention to recolor.
- Severe chemical or heat damage may require professional attention as well.
- Avoid additional bleach and peroxide treatments. These can cause major damage, and should be avoided completely if your hair is already damaged. Try a darker color instead, that will combine well with your current shade.
- If you really can't bring yourself to dye your hair a darker color, go to a specialist to have your hair lightened as gently as possible. Use deep conditioning treatments or non-water-soluble hair products to minimize damage from the lightening process.
- Select a demi-permanent color base. A demi-permanent color base with no ammonia is less likely to damage your hair, as it only stains the outer cuticle. Ammonia color bases will penetrate to the hair cortex for a fuller, longer-lasting color, but can make hair even more brittle and weak. Use an ammonia base only if your damage is minor, or if you have already trimmed off damaged ends.
- Semi-permanent dyes are even more gentle and shorter-lasting.
- Mix with a low-volume developer. Mix the color base with a low-volume developer (such as 10 or 20 vol) according to label instructions. Higher volume developers contain more peroxide or similar substances, which can cause damage.
- Perform a patch test. Many demi-permanent dyes still contain many of the chemicals that can cause allergic reactions. Conduct a patch test according to the instructions on the dye, to ensure it's safe to use. Typically, you should wait at least 24 hours for the results of the test.
- Even if you have used the dye before, you may have developed an allergic reaction since your last exposure. It can be extremely dangerous to proceed without a patch test.
- Apply porosity equalizing hair filler. Gently massage the filler into dry hair, just before coloring. Work from the top of your tresses on down, all the way to the ends. Wait twenty minutes, then continue on to dying without rinsing this out. The filler should help your hair accept the dye, and may reduce damage.
- Choose a color that matches your dye. When in doubt, choose a colorless filler.
- Colored hair fillers tend to darken the dye color.
- You can also apply hair filler occasionally in the weeks leading up to the dying. This may speed up your hair's recovery.
- Dye your hair according to the instructions on the packet. Most demi-permanent dyes come with a conditioner. If yours did, use this after dyeing your hair.
- Keep your hair well conditioned. Damaged hair needs to be kept well conditioned to minimise any further damage. Condition your hair every time you wash it, leaving the conditioner on as long as possible each time. Depending on the extent of the damage, it may be worth investing in conditioning treatments designed specifically for damaged hair.
- Conditioner is water-soluble, so rinsing your hair will wash most of it away. For best results, use leave-in conditioner, or let a deep conditioner or hot oil treatment sit in your hair for at least an hour. Non-water-soluble products are also available.
- Straightening or curling hair can cause major damage due to the heat. Try to find a style that does not require these techniques.
- Hair dye can cause an allergic reaction. Always do a patch test at least 24 hours before dyeing your hair, even if you have dyed it before.
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| How to Reupholster a Chair Posted: 09 Apr 2016 01:00 AM PDT Removing the old covering and adding a new form of upholstery to your favorite chairs can bring them new life. Reupholstering is a great way to match old chairs with an updated room theme too. The methods for reupholstering will depend somewhat on the chair type. Here are some standard approaches. EditRemoving tacks and other fasteners This section is devoted to removing tacks and other sharp-ended fasteners. If staples have been used, skip to the next section. - Place a chisel under the edge of the tack or other fastener.
- Tap the end of the chisel with a wooden mallet.
- Gently lever the tack (or other fastener) upwards. Do this gently and repetitively until the tack becomes free of the wood.
- Store the removed tacks in a bag or place straight into the disposal bin. This will avoid accidentally treading on sharp objects.
EditRemoving staples This section covers large, heavy-duty staples used to keep upholstery in place. - Use a regulator to remove staples. This is a specialized upholstery tool that removes staples from furniture; these can be purchased online or from specialty stores.
- Slip the end of the regulator under the center of the staple. Lever the regulator upwards, pushing on the edge of the wood.
- If the timber is polished or the area is on view, place a slim piece of aluminum or other metal strip on the fabric and press into that instead of into the wood. This will avoid leaving marks from the pressure of the regulator.
- Wait for one end of the staple to pop out. The other end will stay intact usually.
- Use pincers, pliers or side cutters to grasp the staple. Slightly twist as you pull firmly to remove the whole staple from the wood.
- Continue until all staples are removed. Some people prefer the production line approach of lifting the staples with the regulator first, then going back and plucking out each lifted staple next, to save constant chopping and changing between two different actions.
EditRemoving fabric - Lift the fabric panels off the chair seat, back and arms. Once the fasteners have been removed, you can take the old fabric off and use the panels to prepare the new fabric.
- Mark the removed fabric panels with arrows, letters and any other indicators that will help you draw the same pattern for the new fabric. Don't be lazy here––the effort put in now will pay big dividends in accuracy later.
- It helps to draw a basic sketch of the chair in relation to each fabric panel removed and to note a corresponding letter or number to each fabric piece, written on both the sketch and the fabric piece's backing.
- Note special tucks, pleats, folds, etc. so that you can repeat these when making up the new upholstery fabric.
- As you remove the panels, list their order. This is helpful for adding the fabric panels back on in back-to-front order. Chair panels are usually labeled as follows:
- IB = inside back
- OB = outside back
- IW = inside wing
- OW = outside wing
- IA = inside arm
- OA = outside arm
- S = seat
- SC = seat cushion
- FB = front border
- SB = side border
- AF = arm facing
- SK = skirt.
EditSaving the stuffing Whether or not this is worthwhile depends on the condition and age of the stuffing. You'll need to gauge that after seeing it. If you do wish to save here, here is what to do. - Lift the stuffing out gently. As much as possible, try to keep the stuffing intact and not torn apart. It's original positioning has been settled by years of sitting, so it's already perfect for fitting the chair.
- Lift off using both hands right up to your folded elbow pits.
- Have a clean, flat place to put the stuffing onto while you continue working with the upholstery.
- Cut glued stuffing. In some cases, you'll need to cut stuffing that has been glued into place. Use a knife with a long blade to slide neatly under it, such as a serrated knife or a snap-blade knife. Slide along and cut as carefully as you can.
- Remove other fasteners. You might find that the stuffing has been held in place by more staples or tacks, or by string. Remove staples or tacks as explained above and simply cut the string.
- Check the chair base. Does it need repair or can it be left alone? If it can be left alone, you can get on with preparing the new fabric covering. If not, you'll need to make frame repairs to the chair.
EditRepairing a chair frame The following is a basic rundown for a standard modern chair base. Trickier bases that require weaving, webbing or other fixes are not covered here as they are lengthy topics in their own right. - Decide whether you're up to doing this part by yourself or whether you'd prefer it done professionally. It can be tricky but it is possible to do many frame repairs yourself. The thing you cannot do is avoid making repairs––a chair left with weaknesses will soon break.
- Take the chair to an upholsterer or a cabinet-maker if you're not keen to do self-repairs.
- Check glued joints first. If these need straightening or tightening and re-gluing, do so yourself. Simply pull the chair rails in different directions to test for wobbliness or weakness. If there is none, the joints have no issues. If they move or bend, they need mending.
- Older furniture will have staples, screws or tongue-and-groove joints. Unless you know what you're doing, any broken tongue-and-groove joints may need the help of a professional.
- Don't be too forceful when testing––dowel joints that were snug might come loose with too much pulling.
- Check for corner blocks. If you need to reglue joints, the corner block will need to removed first. It is a triangular piece located in the inside corner of the chair seat frame and it might be glued, screwed or nailed in place. To remove:
- Put the end point of a ripping chisel into the edge of the corner block where it meets one side of the chair frame.
- Tape the end of the chisel with a wooden mallet.
- As the chisel slips in further, lever the block away from the chair frame, pushing downwards. Be careful not to push too hard or the chisel can snap; if you feel any give, pull the chisel out and push by hand only.
- Repeat for other corner blocks.
- Repair the joints.
- Lay the chair down on a workbench with the side needing repairing facing upward nearest you (not on the bench). Hold the chair firmly.
- Tap next to the joint with a rubber mallet to try to ease it apart. If it is stubborn, don't force it.
- Remove the parted joint. Clean and sand it to remove old glue.
- Replace broken dowels. If you discover a dowel is broken, it will need to be fixed before restoring the joint in place.
- Chisel the dowel flat enough to be drilled on. Then drill off the old dowel, taking care not to drill into the chair frame's wood.
- Squeeze some wood glue into the old dowel hole, then insert the new dowel. Tap in lightly with a hammer. Wipe away any excess glue, then let dry completely.
- Restore the joints. Fill in dowel holes with the wood glue. Gently but firmly push the joints back together again.
- Clamp the entire chair frame to put sufficient pressure on the joints to dry in place. Wipe away excess glue to prevent it from drying as obvious blobs on the chair frame.
- Restore the corner blocks, again wiping away excess glue before it dries.
EditAdding the new upholstery fabric This is the easy method, making use of the old fabric panels. There are more complicated ways to do this but for the beginner, this is a good start. - Choose the right type of fabric. In general, upholstery fabric needs to be strong, to withstand being sat on and moved about on. The following fabrics are recommended:
- Cotton: Heavy duty cotton is suitable for infrequent domestic use.
- Linen: This is a strong fabric that can stand light to medium domestic use. It's a lovely upholstery covering that looks classic and wears well.
- Jacquard: This is cotton fabric mixed with synthetics such as nylon or polyester, to strengthen it. This fabric can handle medium to heavy domestic use and is also suitable for some commercial purposes.
- Vinyl: Also known as synthetic leather, this covering is strong and waterproof. It can handle medium to heavy domestic use, as well as commercial use. Just be aware that it's not ideal for hot environments.
- Tapestry: This is a traditional upholstery fabric and it is strong. It is also often expensive but you may be able to find some in bargain stores. This fabric can be used for medium to heavy domestic use, and some commercial uses, such as a waiting room chair in a beauty salon. It's ideal for antique furniture restoration.
- Velvet: This strong and soft fabric is a long-lasting upholstery covering. It's nice to work with and suits medium to heavy domestic use. It's a bit of work to clean, so may not be ideal for commercial uses.
- If you have leftover upholstery fabric or fabric that is strong enough to use for chair coverings, this might be all you need to use.
- Measure the new fabric to make new coverings. This method requires that you took great care with the fabric panels and removed them without cutting into them, as you'll use the old panels for your pattern templates.
- Unpick the panels. Any parts sewn together need to be unpicked, as this will free the seam allowances already made by the prior maker.
- Always add sufficient allowances for sewing and attaching of panels when making up the new measurements.
- Iron the panels flat. Keep as straight as you possibly can.
- Use the old panels to make new templates. Simply lay each former panel direct onto the new fabric and using chalk or invisible fabric pen, draw around each panel in turn.
- Cut the fabric panels. Key things to bear in mind include:
- Cut with the right side facing you––you need to be able to see the fabric grain at all times.
- For symmetrical panels, cut halfway, then bend over to check that the panel is exactly the same on its opposite side. If yes, keep cutting. Or, make adjustments as needed.
- Cut all pieces in the same direction, same thread line.
- Mark all cut pieces with the panel names you've chosen, to prevent mix-ups. Write down the correct indicator for the exact panel piece, using the standard labels recommended above. Add the directional arrow as well, so you know which way it needs to go. Be careful about marking delicate fabrics that might show the markings through the other side.
- Lay each panel on the chair to check for fit. Make adjustments as needed.
- Sew as required. This section is deliberately scant due to the fact that you need individual instructions depending on the chair type and the amount and type of panels being sewn. In general, you'll need to sew seams in place, join front and back panels, arm panels, cushion panels, etc. You'll also need to stitch a skirt if the chair has one. You'll also need to add zippers and make any cuts needed to fit around parts of the chair. Some more precise examples are provided in the chair type sections noted below.
- Use straight seams for sewing upholstery fabric.
- For pleats, etc., you'll need advanced sewing skills. If not, ask for help from a more experienced sewer.
- Strong fabric can easily break a domestic sewing machine; you may need access to an industrial one, or send the pieces along for someone else to stitch together for you.
EditAdding the upholstery fabric panels to the chair - Restore the stuffing where appropriate.
- Replace the panels on in the backwards order to that in which you removed them. Refer to the list you made earlier.
- Hammer tacks, staple staples or use other fasteners to keep the new fabric in place. Pull taut to ensure no wrinkles and follow the same positions where the tacks, etc. were placed previously.
- A tack hammer is required for adding tacks. Masking tape can be placed over the head to soften its impact against the chair frame.
- If fabric has a motif or pattern, this should be centered and its top should always face upward, toward the chair's top. Bear this in mind when preparing the central panel of the chair. It's best to use plain fabrics at first than to add this additional hurdle while you're learning.
- Take care when removing covers. If you want to reuse the cover, extra care needs to be taken to avoid rips or tears. Moreover, the surrounding wood can be fragile and needs to be taken into account when removing the upholstery. If you want to reuse stuffing, you'll also need to be careful to capture it and not disturb it too much.
- Keep all removed pieces together in a plastic bag. That way, you can reuse items if wished and they'll all be easily retrievable.
- A mask is a good idea if you're uncertain about the age or condition of the stuffing. Released stuffing may send puffs of dust motes, dust mites and other items into your breathing space. A mask is especially important if you suffer from allergies.
- Wear safety glasses to protect your eyes when removing tacks, etc. You can't be sure when something sharp might go flying towards your face, so put safety first.
- If you puncture your skin with an old tack, nail, staple, etc., see your doctor about your tetanus protection. With older furniture, it's better to be safe than sorry. If you have a big project or you upholster for a living, check before starting that your tetanus shots are up-to-date.
EditThings You'll Need - Upholstery fabric
- Chair to reupholster
- Wooden mallet
- Chisels
- Rubber mallet
- Wood glue
- Sewing machine and thread
- Fabric scissors
- Tailors chalk or invisible fabric pen
- Tack hammer
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