| How to Become a Neurologist Posted: 29 Oct 2021 05:00 PM PDT If you're fascinated by the central nervous system and are interested in the medical field, neurology might be the right career for you. While it takes extreme determination and rigorous schooling to become a neurologist, an overwhelming majority of people who choose this profession find their work deeply meaningful.[1] If you're willing to put in the years of schooling and training required, you'll have the opportunity to improve the lives of countless patients in your job as a neurologist. To get you started in the right direction, we've answered your most common questions for embarking on this tough but ultra-rewarding career. [Edit]What does a neurologist do? - Neurologists diagnose and treat conditions affecting the brain and nervous system. As a neurologist, you'll perform tests on mental status, vision, reflexes, gait, and more. You'll help treat diseases like brain tumors, stroke, epilepsy, Lou Gehrig's disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, and others.[2]
- Neurologists don't perform surgery. That role goes to neurosurgeons. However, you may perform procedures like lumbar punctures (LP) for cerebral spinal fluid analysis, nerve conduction studies, and electromyography (NCS/EMG).[3]
[Edit]How many years does it take to become a neurologist? - On average, you'll study for 13 years to become a neurologist in the U.S.[4] While you may be able to shorten your undergraduate education by 1 year or choose a program that offers a combined undergrad and medical studies (6-8 years), there are no real "shortcuts" to training in neurology.[5]
- You'll do 4 years of undergraduate study at a college or university. If you accumulate college credits in high school, you may be able to graduate in 3 years.[6]
- You'll attend med school for 4 years to get either an MD (Doctor of Medicine) or DO (Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine) degree.[7][8]
- You'll intern for 1 year in medicine or surgery, or you'll intern for 2 years in pediatric neurology.[9]
- You'll spend 3 years in your residency program doing specialty training.[10]
[Edit]What should I major in to become a neurologist? - Choose a science-related field. While there is no specific major required to go on to med school, demonstrating a passion for neuroscience through your undergraduate career can boost your application and give you a strong foundation for your graduate studies. If your school doesn't directly offer neuroscience, you could choose a major like biology, physiology, or chemistry to gain a broader background in natural science and the human body.[11]
- Major in the humanities or social sciences. If you feel really passionate about the subject and want to give yourself a boost at patient communication, try a non-science major. You can pick a major like English, communications, or even art history and still become a neurologist! Just keep in mind that it might be more difficult to prepare for the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) without having majored in science.[12]
- If your school allows it, try to still take courses that will give you a broad scientific background. For instance, you should try to take courses in physics, human biology, inorganic and organic chemistry, and psychology.[13]
- If you majored in a non-science field or are looking to become a doctor later in life, it's totally possible. You can use your life experience and different perspective to stand out in your med school applications.[14]
- No matter your major, participate in a pre-med track. "Pre-med" usually isn't a distinct major. Instead, it's a distinction you can make with your university and advisor to make sure you'll get the advising info and courses you need in order to meet med school entrance requirements.[15]
- Each school will have different requirements to fulfill on the pre-med track, but you'll usually have to complete substantial human biology coursework.
- Pass the prerequisite courses for medical school. Most medical schools require certain prerequisite classes, regardless of major. Check your prospective medical school's requirements before you apply to make sure you have finished each of the prerequisites.[16]
- Try to maintain at least a 3.7-3.8 GPA in your prerequisite courses. You'll want to demonstrate a strong academic performance, and a 3.7-3.8 GPA will put you in the average range for students admitted to most med schools.[17]
- Gain experience in clinical settings while you're in college. You can build a stronger application by volunteering as a hospice care worker or taking a job as a hospital scribe or medical assistant in a clinic or hospital. While you won't get to directly treat patients, administrative work and learning about how the healthcare center works will teach you about various approaches to patient care.[18][19]
- Find a position through your school's career center, your pre-med advisors, or a national association looking for volunteers (like the Hospice Foundation of America).[20]
- In your junior undergrad year, take the MCAT.[21] To give yourself the best shot at competitive med school programs, you should aim to score close to the highest possible score of 528 (the average score for students admitted to med school is 510).[22]
- To prepare for this 6+ hour exam, take practice tests and check out the free guides offered by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), the organization which administers the test.[23]
- You'll demonstrate knowledge in four categories on the MCAT: biochemical foundations of living systems, chemical and physical foundations of biological systems, psychological/social/biological foundations of behavior, and critical analysis and reasoning skills.[24]
[Edit]What will I learn in med school? - In your first 2 years, you'll learn about the human body. In a class setting, you'll focus on one physiological system at a time (such as the nervous system).[25]
- While it's more common for neurologists to get an MD (Doctor of Medicine) degree, you can also choose a DO (Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine) degree if you're interested in learning an alternative, holistic, mind-body-spirit approach to patient care and medicine.[26]
- In your 3rd and 4th year, you'll explore different medical fields through hands-on experience. You'll be able to sample neurology work during your clinical "rotations." During rotations, you'll shadow doctors and participate in training in real healthcare facilities. Pay attention during your neurology rotation to decide if you enjoy the work environment and to pick up introductory skills.[27]
- If you don't like your neurology rotation, don't panic! You may have learned that neuroscience is not the right fit for you. Use your other rotations to find a more appropriate career choice.
[Edit]How do I get licensed to practice neurology? - Take the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) if you're in an MD program. Take the first parts of the exam while you're in med school. During the exam, you'll demonstrate fundamental knowledge of medicine and clinical skills.[28]
- Take Step 1 while you're in your first or second year of med school.[29]
- Wait to take Step 2 CK (Clinical Knowledge) until your third or fourth year when you've had more practice with clinical skills.[30]
- Once you've graduated, you can take Step 3 of the USMLE to gain your license.[31]
- If you're in a DO program, take the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination (COMLEX-USA). Like the USMLE, the COMPLEX-USA will assess your essential knowledge of medicine and test your clinical skills.[32]
- You can take Level 1 after your first year of med school.
- Take the Level 2-CE and Level 2-PE tests after your second year (in any order).
- Take the Level 3 exam after you've received your graduate degree.
- Once you've passed a medical licensing exam, gain certification with your country's neurology board. To be eligible for certification, you'll need to have graduated from medical school, possess a valid medical license, demonstrate passing grades in a neurology and subspecialty exam, and complete a set clinical hours.[33]
[Edit]What happens after med school? - Intern for one year at a hospital or medical center. After you obtain your graduate degree, you'll work alongside fully-trained doctors and medical staff doing your first-year residency (also called an internship). As an intern, you'll practice general medicine (rather than specializing in neurology) and develop clinical skills.[34]
- Internal medicine interns will primarily focus on diagnosing, treating, and taking care of adult patients.[35]
- You'll apply for your internship and residency through "the Match," which is run by the National Resident Matching Program. To apply, you must fill out an application through the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS).[36] Compile your CV and letters of recommendation early so you can send them to ERAS when you're ready. Include your educational history, internships completed, research experience, and list of references.[37]
- Once you've submitted an application, you may be invited for interviews at residency programs.[38]
- Next, you'll rank your top choices of residence programs, and a computer algorithm will match programs and applicants to optimize top choices.
- You'll find out your placement results on Match Day, which occurs in March every year.
- Complete a three-year residency specializing in neurology.[39] Depending on what your first-year internship placement allows, you'll either continue at the same hospital or apply to another facility for the next years of your residency.[40] These next three years are different than the internship because you'll begin to work directly in neurology rather than general internal medicine. You'll learn from specialists in the field as you see patients and continue to develop your clinical skills.[41]
- For even more specialized training, complete a fellowship. To set yourself apart from other graduates in the job market, you can train for 1-4 more additional years. Apply to a teaching hospital for a fellowship in an area like child neurology, clinical neurologist , neurodevelopmental disabilities, etc.[42]
- When you're considering a fellowship, evaluate whether the potential higher-income you'll get from further specialization will outweigh the cost of spending additional years receiving a lower salary and/or taking on debt as you train.[43]
[Edit]How do you find jobs as a neurologist? - Apply for positions through online job boards. Upload a resume emphasizing any past research experience and create a customized cover letter that demonstrates your thorough research of that practice/hospital.[44]
- Since most hiring managers are doctors, don't be afraid to send multiple follow-up emails in case a busy doctor misses an email.
- Network and get referred into positions through your connections.[45] Attend neurology conferences around the country to get in touch with others in the field and keep up-to-date on neurology developments. Stay in touch with current and former colleagues as well as your school's alumni to build a reputation as a competent neurologist and pleasant work partner.[46]
[Edit]How much money do neurologists make? - Fully-trained neurologists make over $267,000 per year.[47] If you're a more specialized neurologist or if you're practicing in an area with fewer doctors (like the Midwest), you'll tend to make more money.[48]
- During your residency, you'll make around $60,000 per year, with pay increases as you gain more experience.[49]
- Medical students with logical reasoning abilities, psychology-related interests, and communication skills are more likely to thrive in a neurology setting.[50]
- On average, med school tuition, fees, and health care cost $41,438 per year at public schools and $61,490 per year at private schools, though you can apply for financial aid and scholarships.[51]
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| How to Deal With an Insecure Person Posted: 29 Oct 2021 09:00 AM PDT If you're worn out from interacting with an insecure person, you may just need to change your strategy. People can feel insecure for a number of reasons—a partner might be jealous, a co-worker might have low self-esteem, or a relative might struggle with relationships. Whatever the reason, treating them with kindness and respect can go a long way! For practical suggestions, check out our tips below. [Edit]Establish boundaries. - Make clear rules about what is acceptable communication. People who struggle with insecurity may need constant reassurance and support, which you can't always provide. Give them clear boundaries so you don't feel overwhelmed or frustrated by their constant interaction or behavior.[1]
- For example, if you're in a relationship with someone who's insecure, they may want to know what you're doing and where you are at any moment. Decide together how you'll communicate—you might call them once a day, but you might tell them that you're not texting them updates about where you are.
- If you're interacting with an insecure friend, relative, or colleague who needs your constant attention, be clear with communication. For instance, say, "I want to be available for you, but I also have some work to do. Why don't we talk after class or at lunch?"
[Edit]Show them that you're listening. - Acknowledge the person's feelings and give them the chance to talk. If a friend, relative, or colleague feels insecure, they might have a hard time interacting with others or they might seem anxious or rude. Instead of cutting them off when they're talking, give them lots of space in the conversation so they can speak as they feel comfortable. Look them in the eye and listen thoughtfully to what they're saying.[2]
- You can make them feel heard by reiterating what they've said. For example, you might tell a co-worker, "You don't like it when the group leader doesn't ask for your input. It sounds like you have ideas you want to share, but that it's hard to give them."
- Pay attention to your body language, too! Turn your body to the person and don't look away or check your phone while they're talking. Give them your full attention. If you're listening to a close friend or relative, you might put a hand on their shoulder or their hand so they feel like you're giving them your full attention.
[Edit]Offer your support. - Try to encourage them to help build their confidence. Some insecure people might feel better just knowing that someone cares about them. If they're insecure about something in particular, you can tailor your support to give specific help. For instance, if a friend or co-worker feels insecure speaking in front of a group, say, "I don't want to put you on the spot, but would it help if you practiced in front of me and some of our friends?"[3]
- If you have a relative or friend who doesn't like trying new things, offer to try them together so they don't feel so alone. If the person doesn't want your help or advice, give them some space. They may ask for your help later if they feel more comfortable.
- Sometimes, insecure people feel underappreciated or unloved. By showing an interest in them, you may help them feel better.
- Say things like, "Just know that I'm here for you and care about you."
[Edit]Ask for their help. - Play to the person's strengths so they're proud of what they can do. Point out something that the person's really good at and ask them to help you improve. For instance, if you have a shy co-worker that hates speaking up but they're great at writing, ask them to look over some of your work the next time you need editing. If you have a friend who's great at gardening or home repair, for instance, ask them for tips.[4]
- Asking for help shows the person everyone's working on something and no one is perfect. It also reminds them there are things they're really good at and that you value them.
- Let them know that you notice the little things that they do well. For example, say, "Thanks for helping me understand that math problem" or "Thanks for giving me a ride," or "You are so organized with your calendar."
[Edit]Redirect their negative outlook. - Help the person turn a negative mood into a positive one. Insecure people are often anxious about something, which can make them negative about things. Help them reframe their thoughts to see them in a positive light. For example, tell a close friend or family member, "It does sound like you've been in tough relationships before. That experience will help you in future ones. You've got so many great traits to offer!"[5]
- If someone's insecure about how they look, pay them a genuine compliment. If you know a colleague struggles with working in a group, tell them you're glad they're working with you since they come up with good suggestions.
- If the insecure person is frequently down, encourage them to find activities they enjoy. They may thrive when they pick up a new hobby, volunteer, or join a group of people that have similar interests.
[Edit]Protect yourself from hurtful interactions. - Stand up for yourself if the person starts lashing out at you. Some insecure people take out their frustrations on others and it's important to recognize this. If the person says something hurtful, listen for any truth in what they're saying, but defend yourself against untrue exaggerations or harmful comments. Then, try to understand what's causing their insecurity.[6]
- For instance, if your boss says, "You're always making mistakes. You're not a very good employee," you might say, "It's true that I do mess up every once in a while, but I'm not a bad employee. Are you frustrated about something?"
[Edit]Give yourself breaks from the person. - Let yourself recharge emotionally and mentally. Insecure people can be emotionally draining, so spending time around them can feel exhausting, especially if they're depending on you to meet all of their needs. Don't let yourself become their caretaker and remember to make time for yourself.[7]
- Don't stress about asking for some space or a bit of time. You may say something like, "We've been in communication a lot lately and I need some time to get things done in my own life. It doesn't mean that I don't care for you. I just need some 'me' time."
[Edit]Bring up trust issues with a jealous partner. - Ask your partner why they're jealous or don't trust you. Oftentimes, jealousy is insecurity in disguise. Your partner might not trust that you want to be with them since they've been hurt or cheated on in the past, for instance. Maybe you've even been dishonest with them before. Have a thoughtful conversation with your partner where you ask why they feel this way. Explain that they don't need to worry about you and do things that prove your honesty and openness to your partner.[8]
- For instance, you might say, "I feel like you don't trust me around our friends. There's no reason to think I'd do anything with them. You're the one I care about and you can trust me."
[Edit]Ask why they feel insecure. - Take the time to listen to their response so they feel supported. If you know the person well, ask them to explain what's bothering them and let them talk uninterrupted. They might say they're anxious about work, school, or their self-image. Some people might say that insecure feelings come out of nowhere while others say that things can trigger their insecurity. The important thing is to listen and be open to what they're saying.[9]
- Things that might seem trivial to you may be a big deal for them! For instance, worrying about what shoes you're wearing might not seem important, but they might feel insecure about how well they fit in with their stylish friends.
- Talking with someone you don't know well? Try starting a normal conversation and then point out something you've noticed about them. For example, say, "Hey, how's it going? I noticed that you didn't come to practice after school yesterday. Are you doing okay?" If they don't want to talk, say, "It looks like it's been a rough day. If you want to talk, I'm here."
[Edit]Help the person get professional support. - Encourage them to talk with a counselor. Insecure people may feel like they have a limited support system or don't trust those around them. If you think they could benefit from talking to a professional, offer to put them in touch with a counselor. You may be able to find someone through your school, job, or local community. Remind the person that counselors are there to help and they don't pass judgment.[10]
- Remember that you're not alone. If you're increasingly worried about this person, reach out to a trusted friend, teacher, or counselor for advice.
- If you can, spend time one-on-one with the person. This can give you a better chance at finding out what's causing their insecurity and they may feel more comfortable with just you.
[Edit]Warnings - If this person seems depressed, very anxious, and withdrawn, and is getting worse, don't hesitate to call a crisis counselor for help and resources. Contact the National Suicide Prevention Helpline: 1-800-273-8255 or http://suicidepreventionlifeline.org/. If you're outside the U.S., look up your country's suicide hotline using an international suicide hotline list like https://www.opencounseling.com/suicide-hotlines.
[Edit]References [Edit]Quick Summary |
| How to How Do I Copy an Entire Text Conversation on iPhone Posted: 29 Oct 2021 01:00 AM PDT Do you need to copy that text and keep it for proof later? Does your friend want a copy of your text history? This wikiHow article will teach you how to copy entire conversations on an iPhone by manually copying or forwarding messages in conversations as well as using iCloud. [Edit]Forwarding Messages via Email - Open Messages. This app icon looks like a white speech bubble inside a green background. You can find this app on one of your Home screens or by searching.
- Tap the conversation from which you want to forward messages. All the messages in the conversation will display.
- Tap and hold a message you want to forward. Let go when you see a menu pop up at your finger.
- Tap . This will give you more options.
- Tap to select multiple messages. You'll be able to forward an entire chat if you select each message. If you don't tap any other messages, you'll only forward the original message that you tapped.
- Tap the sharing arrow. It's in the bottom right corner of your screen.
- Address the email to yourself and send the email. This way, you'll get a copy of the selected messages in your email.[1]
[Edit]Copying Individual Messages in a Conversation - Open Messages. This app icon looks like a white speech bubble inside a green background. You can find this app on one of your Home screens or by searching.
- Tap the conversation from which you want to copy messages. All the messages in the conversation will display.
- Tap and hold the message you want to copy. Let go when you see a menu pop up at your finger.
- Tap . If you're just copying the message, you'll need to repeat this process for every message you want to copy.
- Once you tap Copy, that message is saved to your clipboard so you can paste it anywhere.
- Paste the message anywhere you want it to go.
[Edit]Using iCloud - Enable Messages in iCloud on your iPhone. Go to Settings > [your name] > iCloud and tap the switch next to "Messages" to enable it.
- A green switch means Messages in iCloud are enabled.
- Enable Messages in iCloud on your Mac. Open Messages on your Mac, then click Messages > Preferences (from the menu bar at the top of your screen). Click the iMessage tab and check the box next to "Enable Messages in iCloud."
- Click the conversation that has messages you want to copy on your computer. Once you have Messages in iCloud enabled, you'll be able to see all the conversations you've had on your phone while you're using your computer, which also means that copying text will be much easier.
- Copy the messages. Since you're on a computer, copying information is much easier. Use your mouse to highlight what you want to copy, then press the keyboard shortcut (CMD + C) to copy the text to your clipboard.
- Most likely, if you copy and paste multiple messages, you'll see the name and timestamps throughout the conversation. You can delete these from the copied text if you don't want them.
- If you opt to make an iCloud backup, you won't be able to read the backup file like a normal text file. However, the backup will be there to recover any lost information.
- If you have a Windows computer, you'll most likely need the help of a third-party software that can read your iPhone's files.
[Edit]References [Edit]Quick Summary |
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