| How to Reverse the Effects of Smoking Posted: 23 Sep 2016 05:00 PM PDT Smoking damages your lungs, reduces blood quality, affects your heart, impairs brain function, reduces fertility, and causes shortness of breath. Tobacco has been shown to cause cancer in virtually any part of the body, as well as an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease.[1] Quitting smoking should be the first step in controlling the effects of smoking, but there are many additional choices you can make to help reverse or slow down the damage caused by long-term smoking once you've already quit smoking. Learning how to manage the effects of smoke damage can help you feel better and live a healthier life. EditQuitting Smoking - Seek medical assistance. Though many people are able to quit "cold turkey," the best way to devise a treatment plan is in consultation with a medical professional. For some people, this may simply mean a brief information session with a primary care giver. For others, a more long-term treatment plan may be necessary.[2]
- Talk to your doctor about devising a smoking cessation plan that's right for you.
- Try the START method:
- S= Set a quit date.
- T= Tell friends and family members that you plan on quitting.
- A= Anticipate hard times ahead and plan for them.
- R= Remove tobacco products from the house, car, and work.
- T= Tell you Doctor so that you can get help.
- Join a counseling program. Counseling is available through most healthcare providers. Counseling may range from individual (one-on-one) counseling sessions, group counseling sessions, or remote counseling by telephone, depending on the individual's needs and the options available through a given healthcare provider.[3]
- Some people find behavioral therapy to be an effective tool in quitting smoking.[4]
- There are a number of smartphone apps available that can help smokers quit. One such app, called quitSTART, was designed in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.[5]
- You can get help by calling a free phone hotline 1-800-QUIT-NOW. You can also find many resources for quitting at www.smokefree.gov.
- Try medication. There are many medication options available that can help you quit smoking. These medications range from over-the-counter options to prescription-strength medicine. Prescription medication will help reduce your cravings for tobacco and help unwanted withdrawal symptoms.[6]
- Over-the-counter options typically involve nicotine replacement products, such as the nicotine patch, nicotine gum, and nicotine lozenges.[7]
- Prescription-strength nicotine replacements are available as patches, inhalers, and nasal sprays. Other prescription medications that may help you quit smoking include bupropion SR (Zyban) and varenicline tartrate (Chantix).[8]
- Understand why quitting is important. Smoking cessation is the most effective way to reverse the effects of smoking. Any other plan that does not incorporate quitting tobacco will not be as effective at reducing the health impact on your body.[9] Studies have shown that quitting smoking has both immediate and long-term effects on your health. After quitting smoking, you can expect the following results:
- Your heart rate and blood pressure will return to a more normal range within 20 minutes of quitting[10]
- The carbon monoxide levels in your blood will return to a normal range within 12 hours of quitting[11]
- Your blood circulation and lung function will improve within two weeks to three months after quitting[12]
- Coughing and shortness of breath will decrease and cilia function will resume within one to nine months after quitting[13]
- Your risk of coronary heart disease will drop by up to 50 percent within one year of quitting[14]
- Your risk of mouth, throat, esophagus, and bladder cancers will drop by 50 percent within five years of quitting, your risk of cervical cancer and stroke will drop to that of a non-smoker[15]
- Your risk of fatal lung cancer will drop by approximately 50 percent after 10 years of quitting[16]
- Your risk of coronary heart disease returns to that of a non-smoker within 15 years of quitting[17]
EditImproving Your Ability to Breathe - Learn controlled breathing. If you suffer from respiratory ailments, there are a number of breathing positions and relaxation techniques that can be used to assist you when you find yourself feeling short of breath. Talk to your doctor or a qualified respiratory therapist about controlled breathing techniques to help you improve your lung function.[18]
- Sit upright. This can help increase the capacity of your lungs, which may be invaluable during times when you are short of breath.[19]
- Breathe in through the nose and out through pursed lips. This can help you find a slow, steady rhythm to regulate your breath.[20]
- Use your diaphragm to breathe. That means taking deeper, more substantial breaths, rather than the shallow breaths associated with the upper chest.[21]
- Using your diaphragm to breathe will also have the added benefit of activating the parasympathetic nervous system and relaxing you. When you are short of breath you may feel very anxious.
- Relax your neck, shoulders, and upper torso while breathing. If at all possible, have a friend or relative stand behind you and gently rub your shoulders while you sit and breathe.[22]
- Allow yourself to cough. Coughing is a side-effect that some people may experience in the weeks or months after giving up smoking. It may seem counter-intuitive, but coughing is actually good for your body once you've quit smoking. It helps clear irritants (including mucus) out of your lungs, which is often considered a sign that the lungs are healing.[23]
- If your coughing persists for more than a month or is accompanied by any blood, call your doctor right away, as this may be a sign of a more serious respiratory condition.[24]
- Reduce mucus. Many current and former smokers experience elevated levels of mucus in the lungs. To combat this, you may need to cough more frequently (unless it is painful to do so). You can also help combat mucus and airway irritation by using a humidifier in your home to moisturize the airways. You should also drink plenty of water to help keep your body hydrated each day.[25]
- Get plenty of exercise. For some people with respiratory problems, exercise is exhausting and difficult; however, regular exercise — especially cardiovascular exercise — has been shown to improve the respiratory muscles and provide you with stronger lungs.[26] Just don't overdo your workout or push yourself too hard.
- According to the President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition you should aim 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise each week.[27] This is equivalent to working out for 30 minutes five time a week.
- You can further break down your exercise into 10-minute increments. Any shorter than that, however, and you won't receive all the benefits.
- Moderate intensity exercise includes walking, biking slowly, gardening, using a wheelchair, and water aerobics.
- Maintain a healthy diet. Some people may not think of diet as a factor in respiratory health, but being overweight can put an additional strain on the lungs and may restrict breathing. Being underweight also puts you at risk of missing vital nutrients. Ask your doctor whether a healthier, more-balanced diet may help your respiratory condition.[28]
- Dietary guidelines for Americans include consuming more healthy foods like vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low fat dairy products, lean meats, and seafood. Limit sodium, saturated and trans fatty acids, and simple sugars.
EditReducing the Effects of COPD - Take medications. There are a number of medications available that can help reduce the effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The medication your doctor recommends will vary, depending on your symptoms and the treatment plan your doctor has devised for you.
 - Bronchodilators — This class of medications is designed to relax the muscles along your airways to alleviate shortness of breath and chronic coughing. Most bronchodilators are prescribed as an aerosol inhaler, and come in short-acting forms (such as albuterol, levalbuterol, and ipratropium) and long-acting forms (such as tiotropium, salmeterol, formoterol, and arformoterol).[29]
- Inhaled steroids — These medications involve a form of corticosteroids that are inhaled to reduce inflammation of the airways. Some commonly-prescribed inhaled steroids are fluticasone (Flovent) and budesonide (Pulmicort).[30]
- Combination inhalers — These medications combine bronchodilators and inhaled steroids into a single inhaler. Some common combination inhalers include Advair, which combines salmeterol and fluticasone, and Symbicort, which combines formoterol and budesonide.[31]
- Oral steroids — This class of medication is usually prescribed to patients with moderate to severe acute exacerbation of COPD. Oral steroids are usually given in short courses that last around five days.[32] Common oral steroids for COPD exacerbation include methylprednisolone (Medrol), prednisolone (Prelone), and prednisone.[33]
- Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors — This medication helps reduce inflammation of the airways and relaxes the muscles that line the respiratory system. The most common phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor is roflumilast (Daliresp).[34]
- Theophylline — This medication can help improve breathing in patients suffering from COPD and may help prevent exacerbations of COPD. Theophylline is available in a number of oral forms, including syrup, capsules, and tablets, some of which are extended release pills. Common brand names of Theophylline include Elixophyllin, Norphyl, Pyllocontin, and Quibron-T.[35]
- Antibiotics — Certain respiratory infections can cause COPD symptoms to worsen. Antibiotics can help treat exacerbations of COPD associated with respiratory infections, while some studies suggest that one particular antibiotic - azithromycin - may actually prevent exacerbations altogether.[36]
- Try lung therapy. There are a number of lung therapy options that can help patients suffering from moderate to severe COPD. These therapy options are designed to increase the function of a patient's lungs if COPD has made breathing difficult.
- Oxygen therapy — This option involves using a tank or portable unit of supplemental oxygen. Some patients only need supplemental oxygen use during strenuous activities or while sleeping, while others may need supplemental oxygen around the clock, depending on the severity of symptoms. Oxygen therapy is the only COPD treatment option that has been proven to extend the patient's life.[37]
- Pulmonary rehabilitation programs — This option combines training/education, exercise, nutritional guidance, and counseling. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs are designed to reduce the length of hospital stays and increase the patient's quality of life.[38]
- Consider surgery. Surgical options are usually reserved for patients with severe COPD and/or emphysema who have not responded to medication and traditional therapy options. Surgery usually falls into one of two treatment options:
- Lung volume reduction surgery involves a surgeon removing small portions of damaged lung tissue, allowing the healthier tissue to expand and work more efficiently. This treatment option may improve a patient's quality of life and could extend a patient's life.[39]
- Lung transplantation improves the patient's ability to breathe and resume physical activity; however, it is a very serious procedure with many possible complications and side-effects, including the risk of death. There is also a very specific set of criteria which prospective transplant recipients must meet. Talk to your doctor about whether a lung transplant may be right for you.[40]
- At first things may seem hard. But if you keep in mind all the benefits you will receive if you abstain from smoking you will be motivated to stay away from tobacco.
- Keep your hands & mind busy with gardening, cooking, crossword puzzles, and other things, especially after you have eaten. Studies have shown that smokers usually want to smoke a cigarette after eating.
- Talk to your doctor about formulating a plan to quit smoking and repair some of the damage that smoking may have caused.
- Do not reward yourself with a "celebratory smoke."
- Try not to start smoking again. Even a single cigarette will nullify all the repair which your body has done.
- Do not over-work yourself.
EditRelated wikiHows EditSources and Citations
Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found
|
| How to Escape from a Bear Posted: 23 Sep 2016 09:00 AM PDT Bears are among nature's most majestic creatures, and seeing one in the wild is an unforgettable experience. Get too close, however, and your encounter with a bear can be more terrifying than awe-inspiring. Fortunately, despite humans' continued encroachment into "bear country," attacks on people are rare, and fatalities are even rarer. Still, bears are immense, powerful animals, and any meeting between bears and humans can potentially turn deadly if you're unprepared. EditPreventing Close Encounters - Ward bears off by making regular noise, either with a bear bell or by traveling as a group. If you can prevent an encounter with a bear, the rest of the steps are unnecessary. Bears are reclusive creatures, and they generally prefer to steer clear of humans. You can help them to do so by announcing your presence when you're exploring their home environment: talk loudly, sing, or carry "bear bells" so bears have time to escape you.
- There are very few records of bears ever attacking a group of people, so stick together.
- When alone, making noise or having a bear bell is a near essential, especially if there have been reports of bears nearby.[1]
- Keep your eyes up for signs of bears, taking detours as needed. If you see bear tracks, make a detour or leave the area. Avoid surprising bears -- if you see one in the distance, keep your ground and stay away. Let the bear move on before proceeding. If a bear changes its behavior because of you, then you are too close.[2]
- When you actually see a bear, you want to reduce your noise. Be calm and quiet, letting it stay about it's business.
- This is especially important with young, "harmless" bears. A mother may be nearby, which can spell big trouble. Even if bears seem sick or hurt, stay clear and call a ranger.
- Stay away from "kill sites" or carcasses. Bears will defend two things -- their young, and their most recent meal. If you find any carcasses, especially fresh ones, give them a wide berth and immediately leave the area.[3]
- Leave the pets at home. Bears know a lot better than to mess with humans, and they will rarely see you as a food source. But your dogs may not be so fortunate, especially if they regard the bear as a threat. No matter how well you think your dog is trained, leave it at home when traveling in bear country.
- If you must have your pet with you, make sure they are leashed -- no exceptions.[4]
- Purchase necessary bear repellents, such as pepper spray and bear proof canisters. Come prepared to both avoid bears and deal with them in the rare case that they become agitated. Remember that, when camping, both food and food waste need to be contained, as the smell of wrappers and remains can attract the animals.[5]
- Understand the basics of bear behavior to know when situations are escalating. Bears are not quite as unpredictable as everyone claims they are. Like humans, they have a variety of maneuvers and body language ticks that can help you read the situations and react appropriately.
- Standing on it's back two legs is a sign of curiosity, not aggression.
- Bears generally want to retreat -- they are known to posture and feign aggression to avoid a fight. Stay calm.
- Bears are not always hyper aware -- they can get distracted, which makes it doubly important to announce your presence with noise as you hike.[6]
- Know your bears. The steps you take to survive an encounter with a bear will depend in part on the type of bear. North America has three kinds of bears: brown bears, black bears, and polar bears. Polar bears, of course, are easily recognizable, and their range is limited to the far northern latitudes. Grizzlies and black bears cannot necessarily be differentiated by their colors. Grizzly bears can weigh up to and over 800 lbs., and they are distinguished by a prominent shoulder hump and a rump lower than the shoulder. Black bears are typically smaller (up to 400 lbs.), and have a rump higher than or at roughly the same level as the shoulder. If you see tracks, grizzly bears have claw marks well separated from the paw imprints, while black bears' claw marks will be quite close to the paw imprint.
- Check into the office or park ranger station for the latest news and updates. Has their been a recent bear sighting, or an increase in bear activity around campgrounds? The rangers will know exactly what's been going on in the park, and can give you up to date advice about avoiding any confrontations. Be sure to check in as you arrive to ensure you're up to date.[7]
- Be sure to heed local bear advisories and practice proper food storage techniques while camping. Each park is different -- some require bear canisters, some raised bear bags, and some just want the food locked in the car.
EditPreventing Escalation or Aggression - Stay calm, and do not ever run. Running signals to the bear that you are prey worth chasing, and they are incredibly fast animals. Similarly, screaming and yelling will spook the bear into believing it is threatened. As hard as it seems, keeping cool, calm, and collected will always be you best bet..
- Keep your distance, stepping sideways away and keeping your eyes on the bear. If you see a bear from a long distance (greater than 300 feet), leave the area. If you need to continue on, make a wide detour around the bear. If the bear has not seen you, do not disturb it: retreat calmly and quietly, and then make ample noise when you are well away to prevent future chance encounters. But if you're up close and the bear notices you, stay calm and keep your distance, shuffling sideways to avoid tripping and keeping your eyes up.[8]
- Announce that you're human by speaking in a low, calm voice. It doesn't matter what you say, but say something as you retreat to the sides, keeping an eye on the bear. Your goal is to communicate to the bear that you are human (i.e. that you can defend yourself and are not frightened) while also letting it know that you are non-threatening, and that you are leaving its territory.
- Never yell, scream, or make high-pitched noises!
- Pick one phrase or mantra and just repeat it calmly: "There is nothing to fear, I am not hear to cause harm," or something similarly calm and simple. It's not the words that matter, of course, but the tone and the fact that you keep saying them.[9]
- Make yourself as big as possible with hands, clothes, and high ground. Again, you must do this calmly and slowly. If the bear sees you and is closer than , or if the bear is approaching you, remain calm and try to look as large as possible. Stand your ground and try not to look frightened. Some things to do include:
- Open and spread your jacket wide at your sides.
- Slowly raise and wave your arms, indicating that you are human and not prey.
- Continue talking in a low, calm voice.
- Give the bear an escape route, always. If you've cornered the animal, get out of the way calmly but quickly. Remember that most bears are posturing and don't actually want to fight, But if the only way out is through you, they're going to take their chances. Immediately provide a pathway allowing them to escape.
- Understand the bear's motivations. A little bear psychology can go a long way—your response to an attack should be shaped by the bear's motivations. First, if a bear appears to be stalking you (disappearing and reappearing, for example), or if a bear attacks at night, it most likely sees you as food, and any attack will be predatory. If you surprise a bear on the trail, if the bear has cubs, or if the bear is eating from or protecting a carcass, the bear will most likely be acting in self-defense.
- A bear attacking as a predator, no matter what type of bear, should be fought off. These bears are often desperate, but know that these attacks are extremely rare.
- If the bear seems to escalate and get aggressive, get aggressive in response. If you are sure this attack is meant to see if you're prey (and only then), you should get louder and bigger. Stamp your feet, wave a walking stick menacingly, and or bang some pots and pans. Let it see that you aren't worth the effort. That said, don't hit it until it comes after you and makes contact. Never forget that their first charge is frequently a bluff-- hold your ground, but don't look meek.
- Again -- this is not the norm. Predatory bear attacks are extremely rare, and you must read the situation appropriately.
EditHandling a Charge or Attack - Stand tall, even if the bear charges you. Running cues the bear to chase you, and it will always be fast enough to catch up. Do not be aggressive, but do not crouch down, play dead or otherwise show fear or vulnerability. If the bear charges you, muster all your courage and stay where you are: the charge is most likely a bluff, and if you stand your ground the bear will turn away.[10]
- Sidestep advances if they're closing in within a relatively short distance (<8 feet). Bears and other 4 legged animals have a wider center of gravity, and hence can't make turns quite as sharp as you or me. Don't just run in circles however, but if engaged in an open area (plains or field), do not run directly away from the bear as they're generally faster. Move left and right where applicable to force the bear to change direction. Do not abuse the bear, however, as it drains vital energy.
- Only play dead with brown bears or grizzly bears after they've made contact. If the bear (other than a black bear) is attacking you in self-defense, you can put it at ease by playing dead and lying completely flat on the ground. Do so only after the bear makes contact with you or tries to do so. To play dead, lie flat on the ground protecting your vital parts with the ground, and your arms protecting your neck with your hands laced behind the neck. If you have a backpack on, keep it on to defend your back. Keep your legs together and do not struggle.
- Once the bear leaves your immediate vicinity, wait 10-15 minutes before carefully looking to see if the bear is still around. A bear may look back and may return if it sees you moving.
- Remember -- if you believe this is a predatory encounter, as the bear has approached you or been following, you'll need to change course and fight back.[11]
- Fight back against black bears if they start to attack and make contact. Remember, this is not if they charge alone -- this may be a bluff. If a bear charges and makes contact with you, however, you need to fight back with whatever you can. Focus on kicks and strikes to the face and muzzle in particular to scare it off. The odds may seem against you in a fight, but bears generally do not see humans as prey, and a bear that makes a predatory attacks is usually immature, starving, or wounded, and may easily be scared away if you hit it.[12]
- If you believe any attack is predatory, such as an attack at night or if you've been "stalked" throughout the hike, fight back immediately -- this is usually a bear desperate for food.[13]
- Know how and when to use bear spray. If you get charged by bear, stand your ground and unclip the safety clip and put a cloud of spray in between you and the bear. Squint and hold your breath. Good aim doesn't matter so much as a layer of protection, giving you plenty of time to escape. Begin spraying when the bears is 10-20 yards away for the greatest effectiveness.
- Keep spraying until the bear changes direction. If the cloud doesn't work, hit it right in the face.
- You should practice quickly and easily getting your spray out of it's holster before hiking.[14]
- Whenever you go into the woods, make sure people know where you are going, and take a cell phone/mobile with you.
- If possible, walk downwind — that is, with your back to the wind. Let your scent alert any bears to your presence.
- Do not keep food in your tent when camping. Always use proper food storage containers or suspend your food at least four meters off the ground using a park food pole or suspended between two trees. There are items called "bear bins" that you can buy or rent to store foodstuffs. Remember that most species of bear are excellent climbers.
- Stand your ground unless you are certain the bear sees you as dinner.
- If you have a firearm, use it to save your life if needed and only if you are truly in serious danger (not just a bluff charge). If it comes down to it use the weapon if you know how to use it properly. If you must shoot a bear, wait until it is close (30 or 40 feet at most), and aim for the low neck or head area. If you injure or kill the bear, be certain to report the encounter to the proper authorities.
- If you need to play dead and you're wearing a large backpack, the pack will add some protection to your vital areas, and you can lie on your stomach with your hands clasped behind your neck. Use your legs and elbows to try to prevent the bear from flipping you over, but do not struggle. If you look dead and harmless, a defensive bear will usually leave you alone.
- Bears are attracted to smells, so keep all your trash together and don't keep it near where you are sleeping. Be sure to stow or dispose of properly of any medical supplies or hygiene products that have blood on them. Zip lock bags provide some containment.
- Bears are EXTREMELY protective of their young, and will go crazy if they see a human next to a cub. Therefore, even if it's just a cub, back off.
- Avoid spending time near bears' food sources. Walking near animal carcasses, berry patches, and fish streams increases your chance of meeting a bear. In addition, the sound of rushing water can make it very difficult for a bear to hear you as you approach.
- Make noise and reduce your speed when mountain biking through woods in bear country. Mountain bikes move too fast to allow a bear time to know you're coming, and you are liable to surprise a bear when speeding around a corner.
- At night, always walk with a flashlight and with a friend. This will also help warn any bears.
- Bear spray is an effective deterrent, but the scent of its resin can actually attract bears. Discard empty bear spray containers and do not try to spray a perimeter of pepper spray as a preventative measure.
- Do NOT attempt to play dead with a black bear or a bear that appears to consider you prey. If the bear begins to maul you after you have played dead, you have no choice but to fight back.
- Killing bears except in self-defense is illegal in many jurisdictions. Make sure to report your encounter to the proper authorities when it is safely over.
- Don't try to get between a mother bear and her cubs. Do not attempt to take any pictures of bear cubs or follow the bear cubs into the woods.
- Do not feed the bears. Not only is it illegal in all of Canadian and U.S. national parks, it also trains bears to associate humans with an easy food supply and leads them to lose their fear of humans. This might make them a danger to other campers and ultimately lead to them being killed by park or wildlife officials.
EditThings You'll Need - Flashlight (At night)
- Noisemakers
- Bear spray in a can
- Firearm (Handgun or rifle) (Optional)
EditRelated wikiHows EditSources and Citations
Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found
|
| How to Use Than and Then Posted: 23 Sep 2016 01:00 AM PDT Many times people misuse the words "than" and "then." Whether this confusion happens because the words are pronounced similarly or because people simply don't know the difference between the words, it is important to know in which situations to choose each word. Follow this guide below, and then you'll be using these words better than anyone you know! EditGrammar Help EditUsing Then and Than - Use than as a word indicating comparison. When you are talking about a noun (thing, person, place or concept) being more, less, better, cooler, dumber, etc. in relation to another noun, the word than is necessary.[1][2]
- There are more onions than scallions in your fridge.
- Scott was sicker than a dog last week.
- Use then as a word indicating time. When you want to tell about a sequence of events or are giving instructions in a step-by-step order, the word then is necessary.[3][4]
- Pronounce the words differently. Both words contain one gliding vowel, and they are similar.[5] Phonetically speaking, native speakers of English use the schwa (ǝ, kind of like a soft "eh" sound) because it's more efficient and allows words to be slurred together quickly in daily conversations. Consequently, lots of "a"s and "e"s are not pronounced distinctly.
- Than is said with the mouth opened widely and the tongue pressed down toward the teeth. The vowel sounds from the back of the mouth and the throat is somewhat constricted.
- Then is more said with the mouth partially opened. The vowel rises from a relaxed throat and the tongue rests.
- Test your usage. Ask yourself these questions when you're writing a sentence:
- If I write the word "next" instead of "then," will the sentence still make sense?
- "I will go to the store next" makes sense, so here we would say "I will go to the store then."
- "I like apples better next papayas" makes no sense. So we must be looking for "I like apples better than papayas."
- If I write the phrase "in comparison to" instead of the word "than," will the sentence still make sense?
- "It costs more in comparison to a new car" makes sense, so you'd want to say "It costs more than a new car."
- "You'll never guess what happened to me in comparison to" does not make sense at all. Therefore, you will want to say "You'll never guess what happened to me then!"
- Recognize incorrect examples and learn from the mistakes.
- Wrong: I'm a better speller then you! (comparison: than)
- Wrong: I feel that astrophysics is less interesting then horticulture. (comparison: than)
- Wrong: She is going to stop to get snacks, than we'll go to the library together. (sequence: then)
- Wrong: Our parents used to go out to eat every now and than. (time: then)
- Right: Learn grammar rules. Then you will be smarter than your average bear.
- Practice frequently. Pay attention when you write essays or letters. Use instant messages, e-mails and text messages to practice your good spelling skills (rather than as an opportunity to neglect them). You never know when you'll have to use one of those communication methods for something important!
- The simplest mnemonic is that "then" is a time word equivalent to "when," so they are both spelled with an "e."
- Another possible mnemonic aid is is that "then" and "time" both have the letter "e" but not the letter "a," and "than" and "comparison" both have the letter "a," but not the letter "e."
- People tend to misuse then more than than. Than mistakes listed above may look strange or grossly incorrect; however, the then mistakes may seem more acceptable. Pay special attention to then and its uses.
- There are instances in which than can be used when time is the general idea of the sentence or phrase. As an example: "Paul was later than Mary." The in comparison to substitution is a good test here to verify that than is correctly used in this sentence.
EditRelated wikiHows EditSources and Citations
Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found
|
No comments:
Post a Comment