| How to Play Acoustic Guitar Tab Posted: 11 Feb 2017 04:00 PM PST Tablature, or guitar tab, is a simplified system for writing guitar and bass music. Instead of notes or music theory, it simply tells you where to place your fingers, telling you the string and fret of each note you need to play. As such, it is easily learned and, with practice, you can use it to learn almost any song ever recorded. EditReading Basic Tablature - Review the basics of fret and string numbering. If you're confident finding frets and strings quickly, you can move past this step and onto reading tabs. However, it never hurts to review some guitar basics:
- Fretting: The small metal strips on the guitar neck. If you're right-handed, then the first fret is the one farthest to the left. To play a fret, you push the string down just to the left of fret (right-handed). So, to play the 3rd fret you'd play just to the left of the third metal strip, so your finger is between the second and third frets.
- Strings: The six strings are ordered, starting from the thinnest string on the bottom, as eBGDAE. The thinnest string is the 1st string, the thickest string (on top) is the sixth string.[1]
- Consider each of the six lines of a tab as a separate string on the guitar. Tablature uses six lines to tell you which string to play on. The number on the line tells you what fret to play on that string. So recognizing and memorizing these strings is essential to quickly play tabs. The top line is always your 1st string, the higher E-string. The last line is for your sixth string, the thickest string on the guitar. Some tabs label the strings, some do not:
e|-------------------------------------|
B|-------------------------------------|
G|-------------------------------------|
D|-------------------------------------|
A|-------------------------------------|
E|-------------------------------------|[2]
- Play the fret numbered on the tab. When you see a number other than zero, press down in before the fret of that string and play that note. So, if there is a "2" on the second string, you'd play the note on the second fret, second string. If you see "0" you don't hold any frets down. Just play the string openly. In an example:
- e|-----0--2--4--2--0--2--4--2--0------|
- For example, the tab above would simply cycles through three notes, the open E-string, the second fret, the fourth, and then back down.
- Recognize chords as multiple notes stacked on top of each other. If there are a few numbers stacked on top of each other then you should play a chord. Play all the notes simultaneously. Fret all of those frets at once and strum the strings that are fretted. Note that any zeros are open strings, and still part of the chord.
- Some tabs also tell you the chord right above the tab, putting a "Gmaj" or "C7" above the tab so that you can read it much more quickly than six simultaneous notes. The chord in the video is a C-major.
- Read tabs from left to right, top to bottom. Once you know the basics of tablature, all you have to do to play it is read from left to right. As notes come up, just follow the fretting pattern to play the song. Note, however, that this is just the order of the notes, not the speed and length they're played. This, however, can help you if you're just starting -- you can follow the tab in any tempo you like to get used to the notes, then slowly speed up.
- Use a metronome or the original song to help you find the rhythm and feel of the song. Unlike traditionally scored music, tabs may not show how long to play or hold a note. The best way to learn is to play the tab along to the original song, getting used to the timing and feel. Some tabs have a small tempo designation at the top, but since you don't know how long to play each fret for, this may not be very helpful.
- While the distance between notes on the tab is a good guide of pauses and timing, it is just an approximation. Don't expect each space to be perfectly timed out.
- Many tabs have lyrics written near the notes. While not perfect, this is a good way to get used to the timing.
EditRecognizing Common Special Characters - Palm mute any sections with a P.M.--------------------- over the top. If you see the "P.M." followed by a line over the top of the tab, this tells you to palm mute. Palm muting is when you place the fleshy part of your palm just over the strings, right at the bridge (far-right, for right-handed guitarists), so that your strings sound a little chunky and muted.
- You palm mute all the notes underneath the P.M. line, then stop when it ends.
- Play completely muted notes over any "x" symbol. This just means to play a dead string. To do so, use your fretting hand to dampen the string, not fretting a note but not letting it sound out openly either. When you pick it, it should have a percussive, "chick" sound instead of a clear note.
- Recognize bends by a "b" or curving upward line. There are two different types of bends in tablature. Professional tabs have a curved line, like the video, telling you to go up. A full-step means you bend the notes enough it sounds two frets higher -- a half-step is one fret higher.
- You might also see a b, such as "A|------2b3------|." This means you bend the second fret up so it sounds like the third fret.
- If you see a downward arrow after the bend or a "2br3," this is a "bend and release." Simply return to the first note, before the bend, after getting up.
- Keep track of slides by a backslash between two notes. If you see a slash going from one note to the other, it means you need to slide from one note to the other. So, if you see "D|-----3/5-----|" it means you slide from the third fret to the fifth.
- If there are parenthesis around a number, like "(3)/5," it means the note is a grace note. You want to be sliding off of it right when you pick it, so you never really hear the full 3rd fret.
- There might also be a line above the tab, connecting all of the notes in the slide. This is called a "slur," telling you to play every note smoothly together.
- Note hammer-ons and pull-offs by a slur above the tab, or an "h" and "p" between two notes. Hammer-ons and pull-offs are essential for speedy playing and are noted in two ways. First, a slur (or curved line above the numbers), tells you to play the notes smoothly together, hammering and pulling off for every note under the line. The other method is through an h and p for hammers and pull offs, respectively.
- If you were to alternate two notes, it might look like: B|-----2h-4p-2h-------|
- Add a little vibrato by shaking the note if there is a curvy line above the tab. Vibrato is simply a rapid, short bend back and forth over a note. Some professional tabs may even have thicker lines telling you how quickly to bend the note -- thicker lines mean more vibrato. It may also be noted by:
- A "v" before or after a note.
- A series of "~" in place of the normal hyphen between notes. Hold the vibrato as long as there are more 20:14, 15 February 2016 (GMT)~ in the tab.
- Use any up and down stroke indicators to tell you how to pick or strum. Most tabs don't use stroke indicators, which just tell you how to strum. However, there are some songs where this information is essential to get the right sound, and composers feel like they must add them. They will be above or below the actual tab. All it means is that, when you get to the note lined up with the indicator, you strum that note or chord the proper direction:
- An upside-down "U" means you want to strum downward.
- A "V" shape means you want to strum upwards.[3]
- Look up your favorite songs written tablature to practice reading quickly. The best way to learn tab is to use it for songs you already know, helping you get used to the system -- not the song itself. Simply search online for "Song You Want to Play" + "Guitar Tab." Once you know tablature well, you can then use it to learn new songs. Try to practice on a classic -- like this riff from "Sweet Home Alabama.":
E|-------------------------------------------------||
B|-------3---------3----------3--------------------||
G|---------2---------0--------0---------------2p0--||
D|-0-0------------------------0--0----0h2p0--------||
A|------------3-3-------------2---0p2-------0------||
E|-----------------------3-3--3--------------------||
- Most songs with only chords will not be written in tabs -- they usually just tell you the chord structure alongside the lyrics.
- Use tab to learn riffs, full songs, and new ideas.
- You will not be able to play all tabs if this is your first time playing the guitar. Just like with anything else, you have to practice to get better.
- Guitar tablature may not include time signatures to indicate tempo. It's usually best to start with songs you know well or download a free guitar tablature program so you can hear the music as you play along with it
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| How to Write a Living Will Posted: 11 Feb 2017 08:00 AM PST A Living Will, also known as an Advance Healthcare Directive or Advance Medical Directive, is a legal document that provides your family, doctors, and caregivers with information about what life-saving measures you wish to undergo should there come a time when you are unable to communicate your wishes. This includes resuscitation options, guidelines of medications to give, and your wishes regarding life support. Living Wills work in concert with other medical directives, such as Do Not Resuscitate orders and Medical Power of Attorney. EditUnderstanding a Living Will - Know the purpose. A Living Will is intended to convey your instructions for life-sustaining medical treatment in the event of a terminal illness or serious accident. It names someone to serve as your agent. This person, often a spouse or family member, consults the information provided in the documents and makes decisions about your care.[1]
- Learn the risks not having a Living Will. Without a Living Will, you risk having decisions about your medical treatment made without consultation. This includes starting, maintaining, and ending life support systems, even if the person in control knows that the decision is against your wishes. Without a Living Will, your family members and loved ones may disagree about the right course of action in an emergency.
- Often, it is easier for people to make life and death decisions when they are guided by your wishes in a Living Will. It also reduces the stress on loved ones at an already stressful time.
- Additionally, your wishes are more likely to be followed and respected by your loved ones if they have guidance in writing.[2]
- Understand the limitations. A Living Will is not the same as a Last Will and Testament. The Living Will does not provide instructions for any disposition of your property after your death, with the exception of organ donation.[3]
- Living Wills also do not cover every situation. For example, you may need treatment that is not contemplated by your Living Will.[4] In this situation, you will need an agent appointed by a Medical Power of Attorney to make medical decisions for you when you are incapacitated.
- Create a Medical Power of Attorney. In addition to a Living Will, you should also create a Medical Power of Attorney (also called a "Healthcare Power of Attorney"). With this legal document, you will appoint someone to make medical decisions for you should you become incapacitated. Whereas a Living Will only applies if you are in a terminal condition, a Medical Power of Attorney will apply so long as you are incapacitated.[5]
- In the Medical Power of Attorney, you appoint an agent who can consent, refuse, or withdraw consent for any type of medical care or procedure.[6]
- For more information on medical power of attorney, consult wikiHow's How to Write a Medical Power of Attorney.
- Create Physician Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment (POLST). POLST programs are designed to assure that the medical treatment wishes you express are honored by health care professionals as you move from one health care setting to another. They are available in about a dozen states. POLST programs are helpful if the health care workers do not have access to your Living Will, or if your Living Will is not specific enough to envision the different treatments that you may or may not want.[7][8][9]
- POLST can substitute for a Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order. With a DNR, you can state that you do not want CPR. However, a POLST is much broader and also states your wishes with respect to intubation, antibiotic use, and feeding tubes.[10]
- Doctors sometimes will also ignore a Living Will. For this reason you should create a POLST, if one is available in your state.
- To make sure that your wishes are carried out, you will need a Living Will, a Medical Power of Attorney, and a POLST. All are necessary, especially if you are facing an imminent end-of-life situation.
EditPreparing to Write a Living Will - Talk to your doctor. Before writing a Living Will, make sure that you speak with your doctor and clearly understand what your choices would mean. You do not want to make these decisions lightly. Some of the terms used in a Living Will can be confusing, and you need to ask your doctor to explain each of them so you can make the best decisions for you.
- For example, make sure you understand the difference between resuscitation and life support. Resuscitation is the act of bringing a person back to life after the heart has stopped. Life support is a system, such as using a ventilator or feeding tube, that will keep you alive when you cannot do so on your own.[11]
- Discuss your decisions with your family. You should discuss your wishes with your family and loved ones. This will help you get an idea of whether they would be comfortable carrying out your instructions. When you make your Living Will, you want to make sure your family will not interfere with your wishes when you cannot defend your choices.[12]
- Consult with a lawyer. You should talk to an experienced trusts and estates attorney to discuss not only the Living Will but other directives, such as a Medical Power of Attorney. An attorney can answer any questions you have. You can find an experienced trusts and estates attorney by visiting your state's bar association website, which should run a referral program.
- Look for certification. Many states certify attorneys in Estate Planning and Trust law. Ohio, for example, has a specialization in Estate Planning, Trust and Probate Law.[13] To qualify, attorneys must prove that they have devoted a significant percentage of their practice to the field, receive recommendations from other attorneys or judges, take continuing legal education courses in the field, and pass a written examination.[14] Other states have similar programs and standards.
- You may also look for someone certified in Elder Law. Elder law attorneys routinely handle end-of-life issues for clients.
- Appoint an agent. When you make a Living Will, you need to appoint an agent. This is the person who will carry out the stipulations in your Living Will. Since your agent is not monitored, make sure that who you consider appointing is not opposed or uncomfortable with your choices. You want to make sure your agent will follow your instructions and not waver based on personal feelings. Typically, people choose a spouse or an adult child as agent.
- When considering who to appoint as your agent, decide whether your spouse is likely to be emotionally overwhelmed by your medical crisis. If so, you may want to choose another relative in order to spare your spouse the agony of following your wishes.
- This is also true for any other family member, such as a child or sibling, who you might consider as an agent. You do not want to cause your loved one too much emotional strain in the situation. Whoever you choose, make sure that they share your ethical and religious values.
- Make sure you tell the individual you choose as your agent. You do not want it to be a surprise if she needs to undertake the responsibilities of the position.
- Whoever you choose needs to be willing to enforce your Living Will. It is not unusual for doctors and hospitals to ignore provisions contained within a Living Will. Your agent will need to clear and forceful with medical professionals while advocating on your behalf.[15][16]
- Define the authority of your agent. In your Living Will, you can define the amount of authority that you would like your agent to have. Generally, giving the agent broad authority is best, because then the agent is more likely to be able to carry out your wishes in an unforeseen situation. You can also appoint alternate agents in case your first choice of agent is not available. However, you should only appoint an alternate if you fully trust him to carry out your wishes.[17]
- Disqualify individuals as an agent. You can also explicitly disqualify people from serving as your agent. You may want to do this if you are very concerned that someone will try to override or not follow your wishes due to a disagreement with your views. Make sure that you consider any state restrictions on who can be named as your agent.
- For example, in most states, there are certain people that cannot be your agent in a Living Will, such as your doctor, staff of health care facilities or nursing home facilities that provide your care, employees of government agencies, or any person who is already an agent for someone else.[18]
- Change your mind. You can change or cancel your Living Will at any time and for any reason. If you do decide to cancel, you should immediately notify anyone who has a copy of the Living Will, including your agent and your doctor. If possible, destroy all copies and make a new one, if you decide to do so.
EditWriting a Living Will - Get the appropriate form. Many states provide Living Will forms. You can use one of these forms, but you are not required to do so. If the form does not properly fit within your circumstances, you may consider not using the form and drafting your own Living Will.
- To look for forms in your state, perform an online search for "living will forms in [the state where you live]."[19]
- Illinois has a sample form here. Florida's form is here.
- Prepare your own document. If you choose to complete your own Living Will document, you will need to follow a certain formula. This will ensure that it has all of the necessary information and it will be legally binding. There are 8 sections that need to be included in your Living Will, each covering a specific stipulation for your care.[20]
- Write sections 1 and 2. Section 1 discusses the health care agent. This section includes your name as the creator of the Living Will, and the full name, address, and telephone number of the person who you appoint as your agent. Section 2 names your alternate agent. Make sure to include any alternate agents that you want to name.[21]
- State the effective date and durability. In section 3 of your Living Will, you need to state the date from which your Living Will will be effective. Typically, statements such as "if and when the writer cannot make health care decisions" are used to describe the date when the Will goes into effect. In this case, a doctor will determine when this happens unless you state otherwise.
- You can have an alternative start date for your Living Will if you desire. You can also state that the agent's power will end at some later date or after an event other than your death.
- For example, one doctor might make the determination of incapacity, but you can specify in the Living Will that you would like two doctors to make this decision for you.[22]
- Define the agent's powers. In section 4, you need to define what specific powers you want to grant to your agent. The grant of power to your agent in a Living Will should be as broad as possible. If you set specific limits, your agent will not have the authority to make any decision that you could make to continue or stop any type of health care.
- However, even under this broad grant of power, the agent still must follow your wishes and directions that are set out in sections 5 and 6.[23]
- Describe the instructions for end-of-life treatment. In section 5, you need to describe the specific guideline for how you want your medical treatment to be handled. You can give general or specific instructions about your wishes for end of life care. You should include particular instructions about issues such as blood transfusions, electroconvulsive therapy, amputation, certain types of surgery, and resuscitation.[24]
- For example, you may instruct your agent to refuse any specific types of treatment that are against your religious beliefs, such as a blood transfusion or life support, or anything that is unacceptable to you for any other reason.
- Explain limitations or additional instructions. In section 6, you need to explain any other health care instructions that do not deal specifically with end-of-life matters that might arise while you are unable to help yourself. You also need to discuss any limitations on the agent's power.[25]
- For example, you may want to include your wishes about medical treatments that might be suggested but that are not required to keep you live. You can also explain if you want your agent to agree to your admission to a nursing home.
- Input protections for third parties. In section 7, you should lay out any protection given to third parties who follow your agent's decisions. In most states, health care providers cannot be forced to follow the instructions of your agent if they object to them for any reason. However, most states also require providers to transfer you to another provider who is willing to honor the Living Will.
- You should include this section to encourage doctor compliance with the Living Will without the fear of being held liable civilly.
- For example, if you state in your Living Will that "no person who relies in good faith on any representations by my Agent shall be liable to me, my estate, or my heirs for recognizing the Agent's authority," the doctor might feel more comfortable following whatever wishes you state in section 5 and 6.[26]
- Specify organ donation options. In section 8, you need to specify if you want to donate your organs at the time of your death. If you would like to donate your organs, you should put this in your Living Will. If you are already an organ donor, you do not have to specify this unless you want to make sure your wishes get followed.[27]
- Sign your Living Will. Once you have a completed your Living Will document, you must sign and date the document for it to go into effect. You should also get the document signed in the presence of a notary to prevent any future problems. Some states also require you to have the document witnessed, so check your state to ensure your Will will be legally sound.
- If you are required to have witnesses, choose people who know you personally and who will be able to declare that you appear to be competent and are not acting because of undue influence.[28]
- Be sure you're alive before making a living will. Some good ways to do this are checking your pulse, exercising, catching feels, and/or breathing.
EditSample Advance Directive and Template - This article is for information purposes only. State laws may change and you should contact a trusts and estates attorney if you have any questions.
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| How to Avoid an H. Pylori Bacterial Infection Posted: 11 Feb 2017 12:00 AM PST Helicobacter Pylori, or H. Pylori, is a bacteria that lives in the stomach and can cause inflammation and irritation of the stomach lining and ulcers. It has also been linked to stomach cancer. However, many people have no symptoms and are unaware that they are harboring the bacteria. In these individuals, the bacteria causes no harmful side effects at all. When symptoms do occur, they may include abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite, frequent burping, bloating, and unintentional weight loss.[1] As of 2014, the prevalence of the bacteria infection in the USA is estimated at between 30-67% and worldwide at 50%.[2] Given the poor body, food, and water sanitation in non-industrialized countries, the rate of the bacteria infection in these regions jumps to 90% of the population.[3] If you avoid the risk factors and take certain preventative measures, you can lower your risk of contracting a H. Pylori bacterial infection. EditReducing Risk Factors of H. Pylori - Do not eat poorly cooked food. No matter where you live or are traveling to, you should avoid food that is poorly cooked as it increases your risk of food poisoning and other causes of infection. Poorly cooked food is a major conduit of H. Pylori because the food is not heated to a temperature high enough to kill the bacteria. This can be hard to detect, but if your food is cold or raw, avoid eating it because it could possibly be a carrier of the bacteria. [4]
- Avoid food that has been inadequately cleaned, like vegetables, or handled, like meats and fish. Improperly cleaned and mishandled foods also increase the risk of all types of foodborne infection.
- You should also cook any food you make yourself to a high temperature as well. Since you may not know where all the food came from that you are cooking, you need to be certain you cook it well. This way you can avoid contaminating yourself with the bacteria as well.
- Avoid unsanitary areas. One of the major ways that the H. Pylori bacteria is transmitted is through unsanitary conditions. This includes food and beverage production, living conditions, and activity areas as well. Food that is cooked in a poorly sanitized setting can transmit the bacteria from one individual to another. Avoid roadside locations or food carts where it is evident that there is no proper facilities for hand washing or cleaning utensils.
- You should also avoid living arrangements near unclean water sources, sewage locations, and other areas where unclean and dirty water may be prevalent.
- Avoid places where people don't use gloves, where there are inadequate restroom and cleaning facilities, or places where workers touch money and other people and then handle food or merchandise.[5]
- Recognize accidental transmission. The main way that the bacteria is transmitted is through the fecal-oral route or the oral-oral route. This means that food, water, and objects are contaminated with the bacteria because of poor sewage practices and poor hygiene. Since many individuals do not know they are carrying the bacteria, it can easily be transferred from one individual to another. Accidental transmission often occurs when a person is carrying the bacteria and does not practice proper hand washing practices.
- The bacteria can be found in saliva, feces, vomit, and other gastric and oral secretions. Any of these substances from a carrier getting into your mouth, or if you touch your hand to your mouth after touching something with the bacteria on it, will increase the risk of infection with H. Pylori. [6]
EditPreventing H. Pylori - Wash your hands thoroughly. Since the main form of transmission of the H. Pylori bacteria is through touch, you should always practice proper personal hygiene and hand washing. You should wash your hands thorough and often, especially after using the restroom or before handling food.
- Proper hand washing starts with warm water, at least 120 degrees, and a decent sized helping of liquid soap. Place the soap in your hands and wet them briefly. Wash them for a total of 15-30 seconds, scrubbing around your fingers, along the front and back of your palms, and around your fingernails. Then rinse them in the warm water and dry them with a clean, sanitized towel or clean paper towel.[7]
- Eat in sanitary places. When you are in a non-industrialized nation, eat only in restaurants with sanitation standards similar to an industrialized country's standard of sanitation. Kitchen utensils should be washed in hot water with antibacterial soap. Once the utensils are cleansed, they may become reinfected if handled by a carrier who has touched his mouth or not properly washed his hands after using the restroom. Because of this, ensure that you only eat at places where employees wear gloves as well.
- The use of hand sanitizer is helpful in these questionable scenarios.[8]
- Stop interacting with those infected. If you are married to or in a relationship with someone infected or if you have a family member who has H. Pylori, you should be very careful with your interactions with them. If you are married or dating someone infected, do not kiss them or engage in any sort of sexual activity until they have been treated for the infection. Also keep their toothbrush, cups, and utensils in a different area so the bacteria cannot be transmitted through saliva.
- You should also not let anyone in your family with the bacterial infection prepare food, serve drinks, or touch things that are consumed so they cannot transmit the bacteria accidentally through touch or other contamination.[9]
- Get tested. If a family member gets sick with the bacterial infection, you need to get checked as well. In terms of prevention, eradication is a large part of avoiding the bacteria in the future. Since it is spread by poor hygiene and sanitary conditions within families, it is recommended that, to eradicate H. Pylori from your family, all family members get tested for the H. Pylori bacteria.
- If a family member is positive, they must be treated then retested for the bacteria after 4 weeks of treatment. Reinfection can occur and start the cycle over if you do not make sure that the bacteria is eradicated from the entire household. [10]
- Get adequate nutrition. One great way to help prevent a H. Pylori infection is to eat a balanced diet. This helps you stay healthy and fight off the bacteria if it gets into your system. You need to maintain a diet containing adequate proportions of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water to sustain good health. The exact proportions of each type of food vary based on your weight, gender, and activity level. However, a good place to start is to maintain a calorie intake of approximately 2000 calories a day.
- The majority of your calories should come from fresh fruit, vegetables, legumes, grains, and low fat proteins.
- Even with attempts at a balanced diet, 67% of dieticians recommend daily multivitamins to fill nutritional gaps in diet that are not being met by food alone.[11]
- Ensure that you get adequate vitamin C intake, which is suggested as 1000mg daily. Eat citrus fruits, such as oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits, as well as green leafy vegetables to get more vitamin C in your diet.[12]
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