| How to Use Crop Rotation in Gardening Posted: 21 Apr 2018 09:00 AM PDT Crop rotation is the practice of growing different fruits and vegetables in a different patch of soil each season. Learning to rotate your crops effectively is mostly a matter of careful planning. Once you've decided what you want to raise, map out your garden into separate plots and designate one type of plant to each. Every growing season, you'll move your desired crops to a new plot, introducing them to fresh, nutrient-rich soil where they'll be able to go on thriving. EditSeparating Your Garden - Divide your crops up into groups. Once you have an idea of what you want to grow, assign your selections to one of four categories: fruit crops, root crops, leaf crops, and legumes. Since the crops in each category deplete similar amounts of nutrients from the soil, splitting them up by type is easier than trying to determine where to place them individually.[1]
- Fruit crops include those like cucumbers, peppers, and eggplant require lots of nutrients to produce their colorful, meaty fruit.[2]
- Popular leafy greens like lettuce, cabbage, and spinach are heavy feeders that should follow low-nutrient crops in the garden.
- Root crops such as onions, turnips, carrots, and radishes can get by on fewer nutrients, and tend to be relatively low maintenance.
- Legumes, which include beans, peas, and all other veggies that grow in a pod, actually return nitrogen to the soil. This property makes them a good choice for trading off with more demanding crops.
- Determine each group's specific nutrient needs. Learn a little bit about the plants you want to grow and how taxing they'll be on your garden's soil. Heavy feeders like corn, tomatoes, and cabbage, for example, can drain large quantities of nutrients in a single season. Light feeders, such as most root vegetables and herbs, get by on relatively low levels.[3]
- Legumes are in a league of their own. They actually improve soil health by introducing essential nitrogen into the ground through a process called nitrogen fixation.[4]
- Understanding of your crops' unique requirements will allow you to modify your rotation plan so that they'll have the best chance of success.
- Designate a plot for each crop. Since the soil conditions in your garden will be the same starting out, you're free to situate your crops wherever you like. You might choose to plant your legumes in alongside fruit crops like tomatoes or squash, or alternate leafy greens with low-impact root crops. The exact placement will only become important after the first growing season, when the soil containing each crop type has been used up.[5]
- For maximum nutrient retention, consider alternating between heavy feeders and light feeders. Moving a crop of melons into a plot previously devoted to a few cilantro plants will ensure that they get the sustenance they need.
- The traditional eight-crop rotation plan can be a great place to start if you're new to crop rotation. It calls for a eight simple crops: tomatoes, peas, cabbage, sweet corn, potatoes, squash, root crops, and beans. Each of these crops is shifted over one plot every next growing season.[6]
- Leave at least one plot empty. In order to rotate your crops effectively, you'll need enough room to plant everything you want to grow and still have one or two patches of soil left over at all times. Leaving a plot fallow, or unused, will give the soil a break and prepare it for the next growing season.[7]
- If you don't plan on growing a certain type of crop, use the spare plot to plant more of the fruits and vegetables you like.
- Alternately, you can leave more than one plot empty (preferably on opposite ends of the garden) to give the soil more time to recover.[8]
EditPlanting and Harvesting Your Crops - Plant your crops. Till the soil in your growing site lightly and sow seeds for each crop in their corresponding plots. It will take a few weeks for your delicious homegrown fruits and veggies to begin springing up. The exact time of year you plant will depend mostly on the crop, so be sure to study each plant type to find out when to put it in the ground.[9]
- You can increase the organization and efficiency of your rotation cycles by sticking to crops with similar planting and harvesting schedules.
- Harvest the crops from your first growing season. Once the items in your garden have reached peak ripeness, venture out and gather as much as you can. Try not to leave any usable veggies behind. Your next step will be to relocate the plants, and any leftover growth will have a tough time surviving the transition.[10]
- Hold off on picking your crops until they're ready. With most plant types, you'll have a span of several weeks to take care of your harvesting and replanting and keep things on schedule.[11]
- Re-fertilize your soil as needed. Following the first season's harvest, examine the soil at your growing site closely. If it looks overly dry, sandy, or colorless, it may be spent. Add a small amount of nitrogen-rich organic fertilizer to restore vital nutrients and make sure that the next growing season is equally fruitful.[12]
- Compost, humus, and manure tend to make the best fertilizers for vegetable gardens in arid climates.
- Fertilizing shouldn't be necessary in most cases. In fact, one of the major advantages of crop rotation is that it cuts down on the need to use fertilizers as often as for traditional gardening methods.[13]
EditContinuing Your Crop Rotation - Shift each crop over one plot for the following season. Dig up your freshly-picked plots and aerate the vacant soil thoroughly. Then, move each crop over clockwise to its new destination and re-plant it. There, it will enjoy a brand new set of soil conditions that will promote healthy growth and discourage pests and disease from setting in.[14]
- A basic clockwise rotation is the most common configuration in rotation gardening. However, you could also move relocate your crops counterclockwise, across opposing plots, or even in a random pattern, as long as no patch gets the same kind of crop 2 seasons in a row.
- Don't forget to also move your empty replenishment plot over. That way, each patch of soil will have a full season to recover.
- Adjust your rotation plan if your crops are failing. In time, you may discover that a certain rotation works better in theory than it does in your garden. If this happens, play around with the order of your plots until you find a more productive arrangement. Remember that as a rule, plants with high nutrient needs should be moved to plots previously occupied by plants with low nutrients needs, and vice versa.[15]
- To get struggling crops back on track, stick to the fundamentals of crop rotation, like trading out herbs with robust fruit crops, planting legumes after alliums and cucurbits, and following legumes with needy brassicas.[16]
- It may take a couple seasons to find out what works best for a particular selection of crops.
- Change out your crops as desired between seasons. If you want to introduce new selections to your garden, the best time to do it is just before the start of the next growing season. Following a successful harvest, clear out a plot and use it to sow fruits or vegetables with nutrient needs that match the soil's current levels. You can then put the new crop into rotation along with your existing crops.[17]
- Heavy feeders like pumpkin or Swiss chard, for instance, will do best in a plot that housed light feeders or legumes the season before.
- Consider making room in your garden for local seasonal offerings each year to take advantage of changing growing conditions.
- Continue with your rotation cycle every growing season. Assuming you've chosen a logical sequencing for each of your offerings, they should go on producing at a high rate year after year. To ensure that infestation and disease don't become a problem, rotations should adhere to a three-year cycle, meaning that no one crop returns to its original position in less than three consecutive seasons.[18]
- Neglecting to properly rotate your crops can result in losses of up to 40% in subsequent seasons.[19]
- It's not necessary to stick to the same rotation pattern every growing season—the most important thing to remember is that no crop should go back where it's already been.
- When in doubt about the next rotation in the cycle, follow the crop in question with a light feeder like beans or leafy greens.
- In addition to keeping your garden healthy, crop rotation also reduces your ecological impact, as it cuts down on the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
- While it's possible to reap the benefits of crop rotation in a smaller garden by dividing available beds into individual growing areas, this can make it more difficult to control the spread of disease.
- If you have a long growing season or are raising plants like radishes that mature quickly, you might be able to plant more than one crop in a single bed each season. With careful planning, succession plantings can even be rotated through different beds in the same season.
- Whenever possible, avoid planting crops that favor drastically different soil conditions alongside one another. This can stunt the development of one or both.
EditRelated wikiHows EditSources and Citations
Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found
|
| How to Explain Autism to People Posted: 21 Apr 2018 01:00 AM PDT If one of your loved ones, or even you, is autistic, you may find that you need to explain the condition to other people on occasion. Before you can properly explain the condition, it is helpful to learn as much as you can about it. Then, you will be able to explain things like how autism affects a person's social skills, empathy, and physical behaviors. EditUnderstanding Autism So You Can Teach Others - Know what the general definition of autism is. Autism is a developmental disability that generally leads to differences in communication and social skills. It is a neurological difference that can present difficulties, but also advantages.[1]
- Learn what autistic people have to say about autism. Autistic people, experiencing the differences and urges themselves, can offer the greatest insight into how autism works. They also present a more inclusive view than many parent-run organizations.[2]
- Understand that every autistic person is unique. Autistic people are extremely diverse, so any two autistic people could be very different from each other. One person might have severe sensory issues with strong social skills and executive function, while another may have little sensory issues while struggling with basic social interaction. Thus, it can be hard to make generalizations assumptions.
- Keep this fact in mind when explaining autism to someone else. It is important to express that not all autistic people act the same way, just as not all neurotypical people act the same way.
- When describing an autistic person, emphasize their unique needs, strengths, and differences.
- Be aware of communication differences. Some autistic people find communicating with others to be very difficult. Some of these difficulties may be easy to spot, while others may be much more subtle. Autistic people may experience:
- Unusually singsong flat tone of voice, creating odd rhythms and pitches
- Repeating questions or phrases (echolalia)
- Difficulty expressing needs and desires
- Taking longer to process spoken words, not responding quickly to instructions, or becoming confused by too many words spoken too quickly
- Literal interpretation of language (confused about sarcasm, irony, and figures of speech)
- Understand that autistic people interact differently with the world around them. When speaking with an autistic person, you may find yourself wondering if they are really paying attention to you, or even care that you're there. Don't let this bother you. Keep in mind that:
- Some autistic people seem "lost in their own world" when they are caught up in their own thoughts.
- An autistic person might listen differently. It's normal for autistic people to avoid direct eye contact and fidget while they pay attention. This helps them focus. What looks like inattentiveness is actually them making modifications so they can listen better.
- Autistic people can get overwhelmed in conversations, and look inattentive. They may be distracted, or maybe the conversation is moving too fast. Offer to move to a quieter place, and give pauses in the conversation to let the autistic person think.
- Autistic children may find it challenging to play with others, because it involves difficult social rules and/or overwhelming sensory experiences. Playing alone might be easier.
- Realize that autistic people generally enjoy structure. They can create highly structured routines for their day. This is because autistic people can be easily startled by unknown stimuli, and the certainty of a schedule feels more comfortable. Autistic people may...
- Follow a strict routine.
- Find unexpected changes very distressing (e.g. change in school environment).
- Use a comfort object to help deal with stress.
- Place things in order (e.g. lining toys up by color and size).
- If you are trying to explain your child's autism to a friend, compare how their child may get ready for school. There's a basic routine when getting ready for school: eating breakfast, brushing one's teeth, getting dressed, packing their schoolbag, etc. Although there's the same routine, some of these steps may get jumbled some mornings. A neurotypical child wouldn't care if they get dressed before breakfast one morning, which would be outside of the normal routine. For an autistic child, these changes can be extremely disorienting. If they're used to a certain routine, it's better to stick to it.
EditExplaining Autistic Social Differences - Explain that autistic people may act a little differently, and this is okay. Autistic people deal with barriers and stressors that neurotypicals never face,[3] so they may act unusually or exhibit different social skills. This depends on the individual's needs and strengths.
- People with stronger social skills may simply seem awkward and a little clumsy. They may have difficulty understanding what is expected of them, so they may say or do things that are surprising to you.
- Some autistic people face large conversational challenges, and may not be able to carry a typical conversation.
- Mention that the autistic person may not make eye contact. Eye contact can feel incredibly overwhelming, and the autistic person may not be able to meet someone's eyes and listen to their words at the same time.[4] Explain that for autistic people, looking away is different from not listening.
- Never force eye contact. This could make them scared or uncomfortable,[5] their conversational skills may plummet, and it could trigger sensory overload.
- Some autistic people are capable of making or faking eye contact without it bothering them too much. It depends on the person and their comfort zones.
- Explain that autistic people are different, not necessarily disinterested. Teach the person that autistic people may need to fidget or avoid eye contact in order to focus. The autistic person might look at their conversation partner's mouth, hands, or feet—or even in the opposite direction. Becoming angry with the autistic person will only make the autistic person avoid them.
- Due to sensory and attention differences, it can be hard for some autistic people to focus on a conversation. The autistic person is not ignoring other people; they may be struggling to take part in the interaction at all.
- Teach others to make it clear when they want to talk to the autistic person. The person should be physically close, use the autistic person's name, and preferably be in the autistic person's line of sight. If the autistic person doesn't react when addressed, try again, because they may not have noticed.
- Make it clear that some autistic people are nonspeaking. They may communicate through sign language, picture charts, typing, body language, or behavior. Explain that just because someone does not talk, it does not mean that they cannot understand speech, or that they have nothing to say.
- Some people will talk about a nonspeaking autistic person like they aren't in the room. But it's very likely that the autistic person can hear them, and will remember what is said.
- Remind them that "talking down" is always considered condescending. Nonspeaking autistic people should be treated like peers of the same age.
- Show them essays by great nonspeaking people, such as Amy Sequenzia, Ido Kedar, and Emma Zurcher-Long.
- Note that the autistic person may not understand sarcasm, humor, or tone. They have a hard time understanding different tones of voice, particularly when the facial features of the person talking do not match the tone of voice.
- When explaining this difficulty, you could liken it to the use of emoticons in texts. If a person were to text you "Well that's just great", you may assume that the person is being sincere. However, if the person uses an emoticon like ":-P" along with the text, which stands for someone sticking their tongue out, you would interpret the text as being sarcastic.
- Autistic people can learn to understand figurative language. Some are quite well-versed in the nuances of sarcasm and humor.
EditExplaining Autistic Conversational Differences - Help the person to understand that autistic people may show empathy differently. That doesn't mean they have no empathy or kindness. Autistic people are usually very caring people who just struggle with mind-reading. Remind the person you are explaining autism to that many autistic people show empathy differently, making them appear insensitive when really they are just not understanding the emotion you are experiencing.
- Explain that it's best to be clear about how you are feeling. For example, an autistic person might not understand why you are looking down, but if you tell them that you're feeling sad because your dad is upset with you, they will have a better idea of how to respond to you.
- Tell the person about the intense passions that accompany autism. Many autistic people are deeply passionate about a few specific subjects, and could talk about them for great lengths of time.
- Talking about the autistic person's special interests can be a great way to connect with them.
- Some people might think this is rude, but since autistic people can have trouble figuring out what others are thinking, they don't always know when someone is disinterested.
- Some autistic people are overly cautious about discussing their special interests, for fear of being rude. If that is the case with this person, they should be assured that it is okay to talk about their passions once in a while, especially if their conversation partner is asking questions about them.
- Express to the person that autistic people may not notice if someone is disinterested in a conversation. If you wish to change the subject, or want to end the conversation, they may not realize that you are dropping hints. It is best to be direct.
- There's nothing wrong with saying "I'm tired of talking about weather patterns. Can we talk about ____" or "I have to go now. See you later!"
- If you know the person can be clingy, it may help to give a clear reason to leave, such as "I need to go so I'm not late" or "I'm overwhelmed and need some quiet time by myself" (something that many autistic people can understand).
- Help the person to understand that autistic people have feelings like everyone else. It is important for people to understand that autistic people feel love, happiness, and pain just like others do. Just because they may seem detached at times does not mean that they are devoid of feelings—in fact, many autistic people feel emotions very deeply.
- If the person has a hard time with surprises or bad news, try to break it gently, and then comfort them in a way that works for them.
EditExplaining Physical Etiquette - Explain that some autistic people cannot handle physical touch. This is due to sensory issues. Different autistic people have different sensitivities. To avoid upsetting someone, the easiest way is to just ask.
- Some autistic people enjoy physical touch. Many autistic people will happily hug close friends and family members.
- When in doubt, ask. Say "Would you like a hug?" or move slowly, where the autistic person can see you and has the chance to ask you to stop. Never come up from behind to touch them, because you may startle them to the point of panic.
- Don't assume that they'll always feel the same way. For example, maybe your friend likes hugs on a good day, but doesn't like them if he's overwhelmed or busy. Just ask.
- Explain that many autistic people struggle with sensory sensitivities, sometimes painful ones. An autistic person may get a headache from bright lights, or jump and begin to cry if you drop a dish on the floor. Remind the person about the autistic person's sensitivities, so they can help.
- Explain that it is okay to ask about the autistic person's needs in order to accommodate them. For example, "Is this room too loud for you? Should we go somewhere else?"
- It is never okay tease someone about their sensitivities (e.g. slamming cabinets to see the autistic person jump). This can cause intense pain, fear, or even panic attacks and is considered bullying.
- Express to the person that it is easier to handle stimuli when the autistic person has warning to prepare.[6] In general, autistic individuals handle situations better when they know what to expect, so express to the person that they should ask first before doing something that might startle the autistic person.
- Example: "I'm going to close the garage door now. If you want to leave the room or cover your ears, go ahead."
- Mention that the autistic person may fidget in unusual ways. This is called self-stimulatory behavior, or stimming, because it stimulates the senses. Stimming can help with self-calming, focus,[7], communication[8] and meltdown prevention. Here are some examples of stimming:
- Rocking back and forth
- Repeating words or noises (echolalia)[9]
- Hand flapping
- Snapping fingers
- Jumping around and clapping in excitement
- Singing or humming to themselves
- Emphasize that stimming is important for an autistic person's well-being. Similar to routines, stimming can create a sense of safety and predictability. For instance, an autistic individual may hop in one spot repeatedly. They may also play the same song over and over, or draw the same picture. Repetitive behaviors help them be comfortable function well.
- It is never okay to shame an autistic person for stimming, or try to force them to stop.[10][11]
- If an autistic person is stimming in a harmful way (e.g. head-banging or biting themselves), the other person can gently redirect them to something safer.
EditExplaining Autism to Your Child - Make sure your child is ready to have the discussion. It is important to be honest with your child, particularly if they are autistic, or is wondering about an autistic friend. However, it is also important to make sure that your child is old enough to understand what you are telling her, and will not become confused or overwhelmed. Every child is different, so there's no set age to speak to her. It is up to you as to when you do have the conversation.
- If your child is autistic, err on the side of talking about it too soon. It can be stressful to feel like you are different, but no one will tell you why. Young children can hear something as simple as "You have a disability called autism, which means your brain works a little differently, and that's why you have therapists to help you."
- Explain to your child that autism is nothing to feel sad about. Let them know that autism is a disability, not a disease or a burden, and that it is okay to be autistic. Older children may benefit from being introduced to the concept of neurodiversity and the disability rights movement.
- Encourage a child to see the good in an autistic friend, sibling, or classmate. For example, "Yes, Lola does have a hard time talking and dealing with big emotions sometimes. I've noticed that she's sweet, and good at art. What do you think Lola is good at?"
- Help your autistic child to understand that their differences make them unique and special. Explain the strengths of autism: strong sense of logic and ethics, compassion, deep passions, focus, loyalty, and desire to help (social responsibility).
- Encourage your child. Make sure you encourage your child, telling them that their autism makes them different but not lesser. Your child can still comfortably take part in school and home activities and lead a happy life.
- Make sure to express your love for your autistic child. Always tell your child how much you love and care for them. It's important to have proper support, particularly when facing a life with a disability, and with help your child can live a happy, productive life.
- Do not get frustrated if the person you are explaining autism to doesn't seem to 'get it'. Stay calm and try to answer the questions that the person has while helping them to more clearly understand the condition.
- Offer to refer the listener to some websites about autism. See the references in this article for suggestions.
- Never prevent an autistic person from stimming.
- Be very careful about referring others to websites about autism. Some organizations (especially ones run by parents) demonize autism and focus on martyrdom instead of respect and inclusion. Others use pseudoscience and scams to get money or prestige. Focus on positive organizations that are completely or partially run by autistic people.
- Websites that discuss neurodiversity, use identity-first language,[12] promote acceptance, and discuss accommodations instead of cures are usually good ones.
EditRelated wikiHows EditSources and Citations - Autism Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN)
- Autism Women's Network
- Parenting Autistic Children with Love and Acceptance
Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found
|
No comments:
Post a Comment