How to Become an Advocate for Domestic Violence Victims Posted: 08 Oct 2016 05:00 PM PDT From volunteering to professional careers, learn about the many ways you can advocate for domestic violence victims. Domestic violence affects men and women of all ages and walks of life. Victims often feel isolated and fearful of starting a life apart from their abuser. You can play an important role in helping victims get the support they need to build a new future. EditVolunteering - Donate. Survivors of domestic violence usually leave their homes quickly to escape from abuse. In their rush to seek safety, they leave behind most of their belongings. When you donate items and money to community domestic violence organizations, you're helping victims get back on their feet.
- Collect professional attire. Finding employment is an important first step for victims. They need to look professional at interviews so they can land a job. Then they need an appropriate wardrobe once they start working. Partner with a local organization such as Dress for Success and help with a collection drive. Victims need suits, dress shirts, dress pants, shoes, handbags and accessories.[1]
- Create healthy meals for victims and their children. Contact local domestic violence shelters in your area and ask to help with meal preparation. Shelters often need dry and canned food donations, meal preparation help and assistance with cooking.[2]
- Provide school supplies. When victims relocate to a shelter, it means their children are starting a new school. Often the parents cannot afford school supplies for their children. Contact your local domestic violence shelter or Salvation Army to see how you can donate items such as backpacks, crayons, pencils, notebooks, tissues and hand sanitizer.[3]
- Collect used cell phones. Donate old cell phones to domestic violence assistance programs such as Hopeline from Verizon. Hopeline refurbishes old phones and gives free phone and texting services to domestic violence victims. The phones are a life line to victims, who are often closely monitored or harassed by abusers.[4]
- Provide childcare. From legal appointments, counseling sessions and job interviews, victims have a lot of work to do to get their lives back on track. When you volunteer as a childcare assistant at a domestic violence center or shelter, you're giving victims peace of mind. They know their children are being safely cared for while they are away. Contact your local domestic violence shelter to find out about training and other requirements such as background checks.[5]
- Childcare volunteers care for infants, toddlers, preschoolers and school age children. Children over age five usually need care before and after school, while younger children need all day care. You'll help to create a stable environment for children who've come from an unstable or a violent home. You'll provide much needed comfort and support to young ones who are adjusting to a new and unfamiliar place.[6]
- Be a legal advocate. Help victims keep track of legal appointments and accompany them to court appointments. Victims need help understanding domestic violence laws and connecting with appropriate legal resources.
- You typically don't need a legal background because the domestic violence organization provides training to legal advocacy volunteers. However, you do need to be available during court hours.[7]
- Answer hotline calls. Volunteer at a domestic violence call center to help victims find resources such as local shelters. You'll also help them develop a plan to safely get away from their abusers. You'll go through extensive training prior to answering calls.
- Volunteering as a hotline advocate is rewarding because you're a lifeline to the person struggling with abuse. You're often the first person a victim ever contacts for help. However, constantly hearing about trauma can take an emotional toll on you. Pay attention to signs of compassion fatigue such as difficulty sleeping or withdrawing from things you used to enjoy. Prevent compassion fatigue by regularly talking with colleagues and supervisors, taking breaks during your shift and making time each day to do something relaxing such as taking a brisk walk or caring for a pet.[8]
- Aid in domestic violence prevention efforts. Most domestic violence organizations provide educational programs in schools or community centers. The programs raise awareness and aid in preventing domestic violence. Ask your local domestic violence organization how you can help with their community education efforts. Sometimes they need teaching assistants or curriculum developer volunteers.[9]
- As a volunteer facilitator or curriculum developer, you'll help with programs such as teens and dating violence or domestic violence prevention in adult relationships. Help create lesson plans that appeal to the audience. For example, middle schoolers need different content and interactions than adults. You may also present or teach the information. Help people of all ages understand dating and domestic partner violence so they can stop the cycle of abuse.[10]
EditWorking as a Professional Advocate - Work at Victim Services. Most communities have a division of Victim Services, also known as Victim Assistance, offering free support to domestic violence and other crime victims. When you work at Victim Services as an advocate, you provide guidance, emotional support, legal help and connect victims with resources such as social service agencies. For some Victim Services roles, you need an educational background in social work, counseling or law. For others, you need prior volunteer or work experience helping trauma and crime victims.
- The FBI, police stations, prisons, courts and non-profit agencies are some of the organizations with a division of Victim Services. Online career sites are good places to start your victim advocate job search.[11]
- Counsel domestic violence survivors. With an advanced degree, such as a master of counseling or social work, you can provide individual, group and family counseling to people dealing with domestic abuse. Counselors or therapists help victims understand the cycle of abuse so they can break the pattern in future relationships. They help victims rebuild confidence and self-esteem. Domestic violence counselors work in private practice, domestic violence crisis centers or social service agencies.
- Find out the counseling and social work licensure laws in your state. Some states require that you obtain a license before you provide counseling.[12]
- Work as a paralegal or attorney. Domestic violence victims need help with legal issues such as immigration, protection orders and child custody. With an associate's degree, you can work as a paralegal and help family or immigration attorneys. To become an attorney, you need a bachelor's and a law degree.[13]
- As an attorney, you can offer pro bono, or free, services to help domestic violence victims who are struggling to make ends meet.[14]
- Provide shelter or hotline advocacy. When you work as a domestic violence shelter or hotline coordinator, you are typically the first point of contact for victims. You're responsible for helping them get the emergency resources they need to be safe, as well as connecting them with ongoing support. Some positions require prior volunteer or work experience with domestic violence victims, while other positions have minimum educational requirements.[15]
- Shelter or hotline advocates can also take on additional responsibilities such as community outreach and education and program coordination.
EditHelping People You Know - Offer support. If you suspect a friend or loved one is a victim of domestic violence, let them know you're there to help. Abuse can be physical, emotional, verbal or financial. It's common for the victim to, at first, deny what is going on, or not want to label what's happening as domestic violence. Recognize that denial is part of the abuse cycle. Simply let them know you're worried about them and are there for them when they're ready to talk about it. For example, you could say,
- "I notice your bruises. I'm worried about you and your kids. How can I help?"
- "I'm worried about you but I see you don't want to talk about it now. When you're ready to talk, I'm here."[16]
- Listen without judgement. When your friend or loved one is finally ready to talk to you, listen without judging. Abuse usually begins subtly and gets worse over time, so it can take a while before the victim recognizes the pattern. Allow your loved one to be open and honest with you by refraining from criticizing them.
- Avoid making ultimatums or demands. Meet the victim where they are and invite them to create a plan together with you. They might be ready to leave or not ready to label what's going on as domestic violence. Vocalize your concerns for your loved one's wellbeing and safety, without telling them what to do. Telling victims what to before they are ready may have the opposite effect. They may retreat from help.
- For example, you might say, "You're telling me he hit you and you're scared. I'm scared for you too. No one deserves to be treated this way. You did nothing to deserve this. Let's come up with a plan so you can be safe."
- Avoid blaming and demanding statements such as, "What a monster! Why would you stay with someone like that? You need to leave right now!"
- Emphasize safety. Ask your friend or loved one to start planning in case things ever spiral out of control. For example, where would they go if they needed to leave? They should have a hiding place for important documents and valuables so a quick escape can be made.
- Valuables include an extra set of car keys, social security card, driver's license, passport, cash, credit cards and children's vaccination records.
- Domestic violence can escalate to dangerous levels when the abuser knows the victim is getting ready to leave the relationship. Victims should leave when the abuser is not around or they can contact the police for an escort.
- Provide resources. Let your friend or loved one know that they can contact the Domestic Violence Hotline at 1.800.799.SAFE (7233) for 24/7 support. The Domestic Violence Hotline will help with finding shelters and safety planning.If they are ever in immediate danger, they need to call 911.[17]
- If you work as a victim advocate, be aware that many states have funds set aside for crime victims to help them pay for counseling, medical bills and living expenses. Contact your state government to determine a victim's eligibility.
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How to Avoid Round Ligament Pain Posted: 08 Oct 2016 09:00 AM PDT Round ligament pain is a common, although painful, complaint of women who are pregnant. It typically begins in the second trimester of pregnancy as the uterus grows. The round ligaments in the uterus stretch, becoming thin and taut like stretched-out rubber bands, to provide support for the expanding uterus.[1] At times, the ligament contracts, or spasms, on its own, resulting in moderate to severe episodes of pain. There are things that you can do to minimize the round ligament pain and discomfort during your pregnancy. EditManaging Round Ligament Pain - Have your doctor diagnose the pain. Any sudden onset of pain should be checked out as soon as possible by your OB/GYN to determine the cause. Pain in the lower abdominal area could be the sign of something more severe, including appendicitis or even preterm labor. Don't just assume that you have round ligament pain.
- See a doctor immediately if you have pain and also fever, chills, pain when urinating, bleeding, or pain that is more than "moderate".[2]
- Change positions. If you are standing when the pain begins, then sit down. If you are sitting, then get up and walk. Bending over, stretching, and lying down are ways to change your position to stop the round ligament pain.[3]
- Lie down on the side opposite to where you feel the pain. Round ligament pain can be felt on either side, but most women feel the greatest discomfort on their right side.[4] Lying down on the opposite side where the pain is occurring helps to relieve the pressure and stop the pain.[5]
- Move slowly. Jumping up quickly from a sitting, lying down, or resting position, can cause the ligaments to contract, resulting in sudden pain. Move slowly when changing positions to help prevent the already stretched ligament from cramping, going into a spasm, or contracting, causing the pain to occur.[6]
- Anticipate the pain with sudden movements like coughing or sneezing. If you feel like you are about to sneeze, cough, or even laugh, try to flex your hips and bend at the knees. This movement can help reduce the sudden pull on the ligaments that can trigger the pain.[7]
- Get plenty of rest. Resting is one of the primary measures to reduce the pain associated with the stretching of the round ligament.[8]
- Apply heat to the area. Excessive heat is not healthy for your baby. However, applying some heat can help to relax the round ligament and relieve the pain. Do not use a heating pad on your belly when you are pregnant, but there are some other techniques you can use:[9]
- A warm bath can be very relaxing, and help ease the pain caused by the round ligaments as they stretch to support the growing uterus.
- A warm (not hot) compress on the side of the pelvis where the round ligament pain is occurring may help relieve pain and discomfort as well.
- Soaking in the tub, or even a warm swimming pool, also helps to relieve the pain by lightening the load, as the water provides buoyancy.[10]
- However, you should avoid hot tubs and jacuzzis, since they can raise your body temperature to unsafe levels for your baby.[11]
- Massage the tender area. Prenatal massage can bring relief to common pregnancy discomforts such as round ligament pain. Consult with your doctor or a licensed prenatal massage therapist to safely perform the massage. Rubbing or very gently massaging the area can help to relieve the pain, and to help the mother relax.[12]
- Make sure that you find a certified prenatal massage therapist. Regular massage therapy techniques are often unsafe for the developing baby because they use too much pressure.[13][14] The American Massage Therapy Association has a "Find a Massage Therapist" feature that will allow you to search for certified prenatal massage therapists.[15]
- Take an over-the-counter pain medication. Using an over the counter pain medication that is safe for use during pregnancy, such as acetaminophen, can help alleviate the pain as well. Be sure to ask your doctor about taking any medications, including acetaminophen, during your pregnancy.[16]
- Do not take ibuprofen during pregnancy unless it is recommended by your OB/GYN (which is unlikely). NSAIDs like ibuprofen (Advil) and naproxen (Aleve) are not usually safe during the first two trimesters, and are almost never safe to use during the third trimester.[17]
EditPreventing Round Ligament Pain - Include stretching exercises as part of your daily routine. For your safety, and to protect your baby, talk to your doctor when you're considering adding any form of exercise.[18]
- A commonly recommended stretching exercise is done by kneeling on your hands and knees on the floor. Then lower your head to the floor, and keep your rear raised in the air.[19]
- Pelvic tilts, hip hikers, and kneeling exercises may also be helpful.[20]
- Learn about yoga during pregnancy. Certain yoga moves are recommended to help with round ligament pain. Two commonly recommended poses are the cat cow pose and the savasana pose.
- To do the cat cow pose, kneel on all fours with fingers spread wide and pointing forward. Inhale and round the back high, letting the head fall and curling your pelvis under. Exhale, pulling the belly towards the mat, and extending the back body wide to stretch the ligament. Repeat several rounds.[21]
- The savasana position in often the final relaxation pose in yoga sequences. To do this pose, curl into a fetal position with your arm extended to support the head, or use a pillow. This move is practiced on your left side while pregnant, with a pillow in between the legs to relieve pressure from the lower back.[22]
- Use pillows. Placing a pillow between the knees and under the belly when lying down and/or sleeping can help relieve pressure from the ligaments. The pillow between the knees helps with added comfort.
- Avoid sitting or standing for long periods of time. Sitting or standing for long amounts of time without breaks can put extra pressure on the growing and stretching ligaments. If a job or class demands extended amounts of standing or sitting, try to take as many breaks as possible and rest.[23]
- Take steps that work for you to be more comfortable while sitting. If possible, use an adjustable chair as you progress through your pregnancy, and try to avoid crossing your legs while sitting.[24]
- Consider using a pillow or cushion, that conforms to your body, to provide support for your lower back, and helps you to maintain good posture.[25]
- Pay attention to your posture. Try to avoid locking your knees and allowing your hips to lean forward. Plus, if the arch in your lower back is increasing a lot, you may be more likely to suffer from round ligament pain.
- Drink plenty of fluids. Staying well hydrated during your pregnancy helps to keep your body healthy, including stretching ligaments and muscles. Adequate fluid intake also helps to avoid unwanted problems such as constipation, and bladder infections.[26]
- Use pelvic support aids. Maternity belts, or abdominal support garments, are worn under the clothing and are not visible. Pregnancy support bands or belts help to lift the uterus, hips, and ligaments, and provide support for the back.[27]
- Work with a physical therapist. Physical therapy during pregnancy can also help to relieve round ligament pain. Physical therapists have extensive knowledge of your musculoskeletal system and can recommend exercises and stretches that are appropriate and safe to do while pregnant.[28]
EditSeeking Medical Attention - Contact your doctor with any sudden onset of pain. If your round ligament pain is accompanied by vaginal discharge or bleeding, your doctor needs to know as soon as possible. Also contact your doctor immediately if you see any of the following:[29]
- Pain that lasts more than a few seconds
- New symptoms like low back pain, fever, chills, faintness, and nausea and vomiting beyond the first trimester
- Talk to your doctor if your pain persists. Constant pain or pressure, pain or discomfort when walking, pain when urinating, and increased pressure in your pelvic region can be warning signs of something more serious that just round ligament pain. Contact your doctor as soon as possible if you experience these symptoms.[30]
- Avoid confusing round ligament pain with actual labor. Labor pain does not typically occur until the third trimester. Round ligament pain begins during the second trimester, as the uterus begins to grow and expand.[31]
- Round ligament pain can be confused with Braxton-Hicks contractions. While this form of contraction can begin during the second trimester, a Braxton-Hicks contraction is not painful.[32]
- See your doctor if you develop what you think is round ligament pain. Your OB/GYN can correctly diagnose this condition, and rule out anything more serious.
- Do not overexert yourself when exercising as it can increase round ligament pain.
- Always talk with your OB/GYN before taking any medications, and before starting any new physical activity, including yoga.
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How to Write an Argumentative Essay Posted: 08 Oct 2016 01:00 AM PDT Understanding how to structure and write an argumentative essay is a useful skill. Strong argumentative essays present relevant evidence that supports an argument and convinces the audience of a particular stance. This type of essay provides the reader with a thorough overview of a topic, covering all facets, but also attempts to persuade the reader into agreeing with the author's point of view. EditUnderstanding the Format - Understand the purpose of an argumentative essay. The purpose of this type of essay is to fully investigate an issue or topic. This involves extensive research covering all aspects of the topic and gathering information on all involved points of view.
- Argumentative essays also provide your audience with a well-rounded summary of the issue at hand, but clearly indicate what your own point of view is and why this view is the best option over others.[1]
- Understand the methodology of an argumentative essay. To prepare yourself to write an argumentative essay, it is crucial for you to fully immerse yourself in the subject material.
- The effectiveness of this type of essay depends on the author's ability to parse through the various facets of the topic and lead the reader toward an obvious and logical conclusion. To this end, you must familiarize yourself with all opinions about the topic so that you can also outline the viewpoints that oppose your own view (counterarguments).
- Understand the desired outcome of an argumentative essay. In the end, the main reason someone chooses to write an argumentative essay (other than the fact that their professor told them to!) is to attempt to sway another person or group of people in their opinion on a subject.
EditSelecting a Topic - Choose something that fits the format. Remember that an argumentative essay will argue in support of a particular view in a debatable issue. As such, it is important that you do not choose a topic that is not arguable.[2]
- For example, writing an argumentative essay on the fact that exercise is good for you would be undesirable because it would be difficult to find contradicting views on the topic; everyone agrees that exercise is good for people.
- Pick an issue that is interesting to you. You'll be spending a lot of time researching and writing this paper. So it is important for you to choose a topic that you find interesting from the start.
- Test your argument. Find a peer (preferably one that holds an oppositional view) to discuss your argument with. This process will help you refine your thinking and develop new ideas to support your judgment.
- Keep your audience in mind. An important aspect of writing an argumentative essay is understanding your audience.
- Are you writing the paper for a class, in which case your audience is your professor and your classmates? Or perhaps you are writing it for a presentation to a larger group of people. Regardless, you must think about where your audience is coming from in order to lead them to your desired outcome.
- People's backgrounds and experiences often influence how they will react to views different from their own, so it is helpful for you to be knowledgeable about these factors.
- You also use different language when addressing different groups of people. For example, you would speak to the pastor at your church differently than you might speak in a casual setting with your best friend. It is important to be mindful of these distinctions when considering your audience.
- Understand the rhetorical situation. It is essential that you understand all of the factors in the situation surrounding your issue. All rhetorical situations contain five basic elements: the text (in your case, the essay), the author (in this case, you), the audience, the purpose or purposes of the communication, and the setting.[3]
- Rhetorical situations usually involve employing language that is intended to persuade someone toward a particular view or belief. That is why rhetoric is important in an argumentative essay. These types of essays aim to convince the reader that the author's view on the subject is the most correct one.[4]
EditStructuring Your Argument - Create a catchy title. Developing a creative, original title is a fantastic opportunity to hook your reader into wanting to reading more of your paper before they even get to the introduction.
- A good title will act as a "preview" for what your paper will be about. Many titles for academic papers come in two parts, separated by a colon. The first part is often a catchy hook that involves a pun on your topic or an impactful quote, and the second part is usually a sentence that sums up or provides details about your argument.[5]
- Come up with a thesis statement. Your thesis statement will be a concise idea that sums up your view on the issue. The thesis usually appears at the end of the introduction paragraph. Having this idea in mind early on in the reading process will help guide your reader through the rest of the paper.
- A good thesis statement is concise and clear. It tells the reader what the point of the paper is and why it's important. The thesis must make a claim of some sort.[6] This can be a claim of value (describing the worth of how we view a certain thing), a claim of definition (arguing that the way we define a term or idea needs to be altered in some way), a claim of cause and effect (claiming that one event or thing caused another event or thing), or a claim about policy solutions (arguing that the way we do things needs to be changed for some reason).
- Here is an example of a strong thesis statement: Excessive meat consumption in America is the leading cause of pollution today, and, thus, is a significant influence on global warming. This thesis makes a claim (specifically a cause and effect claim) about a debatable topic with a narrow enough focus to create an interesting, manageable argumentative essay.
- Here is an example of a weak thesis statement: Pollution is a problem in the world today. This is not a debatable issue; few people would argue that pollution is not a problem. The topic is also too broad. You can't write a paper on every single aspect of pollution.
- Avoid the standard three-part thesis often taught to beginning writers. This format is constricting and limits the shape your ideas can take to being contained in three basic body paragraphs. Without the three-part thesis statement, your ideas can expand more freely and incorporate ideas that might not fit exactly into the three parts.
- An example of a three-part thesis statement might look something like this: Global warming is caused by industrial pollution, automobile exhaust fumes, and waste dumping in the oceans. In this case, you would expect to find three body paragraphs: one about industrial pollution, one about car exhaust fumes, and one about trash in the ocean. Any other causes of pollution would not fit anywhere in this essay, which restricts the meaning and the message of the paper.
- Changing the thesis to avoid this form will make for a much more functional essay that is written at a more advanced level. A more effective thesis would be something like this: Due to increasing global temperatures and rising ocean levels, global warming has become an issue that needs to be acknowledged by a wider audience in order to begin reversing the effects.
- Write an introduction. This section should briefly explain the essay topic and include relevant background information to familiarize the reader with the topic. As previously mentioned, your thesis statement should appear at the end of the introduction.
- Write the body of the paper. Carefully present information that supports both your argument and opposition. Acknowledge evidence that supports the opposition, but utilize powerful evidence to assert your claim.
- There are many different ways to organize your argument,[7] but the most important thing is that you cover all aspects of the issue. Leaving out information simply because it contradicts your thesis idea is unethical as it does not provide an accurate portrayal of the issue.
- Be sure to include counterarguments (those ideas that are at odds with your own view), but explain to your reader why your own viewpoint is more logical and accurate, perhaps because the opposing view is based on outdated information, etc. Avoid implicating opposing views as wrong because it could alienate your readers.
- Write a conclusion. The aim of this section is to reassert your argument and persuade the audience to support your claim. Try to connect the essay topic to the interests and values of the audience.
- Be sure to review your main points and restate your thesis. But make sure not to introduce any new information in the conclusion so that you can effectively wrap up what you've already said.
- Often, it is helpful to end with a look forward to further research that could be done on the topic in light of what you have said in your paper.
EditIncluding Research and Sources - Do your research. Go to the library and look up books on the subject. Or look up information from reliable sources on the internet. It is important to find sources that cover all views of the issue since the point of this kind of essay is to provide a well-rounded overview of all aspects of the topic. Collecting evidence and information that supports both your argument and the opposing view will strengthen your essay.
- Ask a reference librarian for assistance in finding reputable, useful sources for your argument. They will probably be happy to help you.
- Pick sources that are reputable and provide accurate, up-to-date information. The best research acknowledges the foundational work on a given subject, but also interrogates innovations in the field and divergences from the status quo. You do this by looking at sources that are both old (these provide the foundation of the topic) and new (these provide current trends in thought on an issue).
- Choose quotes that support your points. In order to make your work more credible, it is important to incorporate quotes from sources that are considered scholarly.
- Scholarly sources should be written by experts in the field (i.e. use a quote from someone with a PhD in environmental science if you are writing an argumentative paper on the dangers of global warming) or published in scholarly, peer-reviewed outlets. This means that sources are fact-checked by a panel of experts before they are approved for publication.
- It is important to remember that anyone can write things on the internet without any kind of publication standards for accuracy, so using blogs and many websites is not a good idea in an academic paper.
- Cite your sources. When you use quotes in a paper, you must cite them properly. If you don't cite your sources, this is a form of plagiarism because you are not giving credit to the people whose ideas you are using in your paper.
- Citing sources involves writing quotation marks (") around the verbatim quotes and then including a parenthetical in-text citation at the end of the quote that refers to a source listed on the Bibliography or Works Cited page at the end of your paper.
- There are several different formatting methods that are used in different fields.[8] For example, in English departments they use MLA formatting and in history departments they usually implement Chicago style formatting.
EditEditing and Applying Final Touches - Take a step back. Often, it's possible to get so wrapped up in your own writing that it's easy to skip over obvious errors and mistakes. Take a break from writing for at least a few hours. Sometimes leaving your work for a couple of days can be incredibly beneficial as well. Looking at your work with fresh eyes will allow you to see the errors you previously overlooked because you were so involved in the writing that you could only see what you meant to say rather than what you actually said.
- Look for grammar issues.[9] Problems with grammar can make your paper look sloppy and unprofessional. Here are some of the most common grammar mistakes:
- Sentence fragments.[10] Fragments are incomplete phrases that cannot stand alone as a sentence because they are missing either a verb, a noun, or a complete thought.
- Parallelism.[11] Errors in parallelism occur when words or groups of words do not appear in the same format or structure within a sentence.
- Subject-verb agreement.[12] Errors with subject-verb agreement happen when an incorrect verb form is used with a particular subject. For example, he know instead of he knows.
- Check for problems with formatting or quote incorporation. Formatting quotes properly allows your reader to easily find the information you are referencing. It also adds to your credibility as an author.
- Use basic writing techniques to write the essay. Sentences should logically flow and have a specific purpose.
- Include only relevant information. Don't drift off-topic.
- Try to make each paragraph about a different aspect.
- Depending on the topic, your essay should be between 4 and 10 paragraphs.
- It is important to respect different views and to only use information, not insults, to support your claim.
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